Two-dimensional biomaterials: material science, biological effect and biomedical engineering applications

Two-dimensional materials have attracted explosive interests in biomedicine, including biosensing, imaging, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, and tissue engineering, stemming from their unique morphology, physiochemical property, and biological effect.

Performance Evaluation of Jatropha Seed Oil and Mineral Oil-Based Cutting Fluids in Turning AISI 304 Alloy Steel

Cutting fluids play a major role in machine operations, life of tools, workpiece quality and overall high productivity which are considered as potential input for minimal tool wear, minimal surface roughness and better machining finished product owing to the ability to prevent overheating of the workpiece and cutting tool. In this paper, the challenge of environmental biodegradability, tool wear and workpiece surface roughness prompt the need to evaluate and compare the performance of Jatropha oil based cutting fluid (JBCF) with mineral oil based cutting fluid (MBCF) during turning with AISI 304 Alloy steel which are presented. Test were conducted on the Physiochemical property, fatty acid composition (FAC), cutting fluids formulation of oil ratio to water ratio in proportion of 1:9, turning operation and response surface methodology (RSM) design of experiment were carried out and used respectively. Results from FAC indicated that jatropha seed oil (JSO) has an approximately 21.6% saturated fat with the main contributors being 14.2% palmitic acid. The physiochemical property results show pH value 8.36, Viscosity 0.52 mm2/s, resistant to corrosion, good stability and a milky colouration. The S/N ratio for main effect plot for JBCF and MBCF stand at 1250 CS, 1.15 FR and 0.65 DOC; and 500 CS, 1.15 FR and 0.65 respectively with R-sq = 85.14% and R-sq(adj) = 71.76% for JBCF Ra and R-sq = 71.24% and R-sq(adj) = 56.35% for JBCF Tw, compared to R-sq = 84.44% R-sq(adj) = 70.43% is for MBCF Ra, and R-sq = 70.48% and R-sq(adj) = 55.92% for MBCF Tw. Conclusively, JBCF exhibit minimal surface roughness, minimal tool wear, minimal environmental biodegradability and overall better performance compare to MBCF which makes it more suitable for turning of AISI 304 Alloy steel and is in good agreement with previous work.

Size-Dependent Interaction of Nanoparticles with Non-ionic Bilayers

Understanding the mechanism of transit of a nanoparticle (NP) through a biomimetic bilayer has been at the forfront of research for the design of efficient drug-delivery mechanisms, nanotechnology and biomedicine. Establishing a consistent picture of how the transit mechanism depends on the physiochemical property of a NP is critical to understanding what approach may be the most effective for nanomedicine design. In this study, using molecular simulation techniques, we have analyzed the key properties of a NP that may affect the mechanism of transit - the effect of size and hydrophobicity. By using a continuum model of a NP based on the Hamaker potential, we have created NP of tunable hydrophobic properties. The effect of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and mixed properties of the NP is analyzed against a biomimetic bilayer - we show that this model can illustrate three distinct properties - where the hydrophilic type shows rupture of the bilayer, the hydrophobic type showing a entrapment of the NP around the hydrophobic tailgroups of the bilayer, and the mixed type showing a distinct, direct translocation type mechanism. Increasing the NP size shows different effects for each type of NP, and hence, may provide insight into the design of NPs with these types of mechanisms involved.

Size-Dependent Interaction of Nanoparticles with Non-ionic Bilayers

Understanding the mechanism of transit of a nanoparticle (NP) through a biomimetic bilayer has been at the forfront of research for the design of efficient drug-delivery mechanisms, nanotechnology and biomedicine. Establishing a consistent picture of how the transit mechanism depends on the physiochemical property of a NP is critical to understanding what approach may be the most effective for nanomedicine design. In this study, using molecular simulation techniques, we have analyzed the key properties of a NP that may affect the mechanism of transit - the effect of size and hydrophobicity. By using a continuum model of a NP based on the Hamaker potential, we have created NP of tunable hydrophobic properties. The effect of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and mixed properties of the NP is analyzed against a biomimetic bilayer - we show that this model can illustrate three distinct properties - where the hydrophilic type shows rupture of the bilayer, the hydrophobic type showing a entrapment of the NP around the hydrophobic tailgroups of the bilayer, and the mixed type showing a distinct, direct translocation type mechanism. Increasing the NP size shows different effects for each type of NP, and hence, may provide insight into the design of NPs with these types of mechanisms involved.

Size-Dependent Interaction of Nanoparticles with Nonionic Bilayers

Understanding the mechanism of transit of a nanoparticle (NP) through a biomimetic bilayer has been at the forfront of research for the design of efficient drug-delivery mechanisms, nanotechnology and biomedicine. Establishing a consistent picture of how the transit mechanism depends on the physiochemical property of a NP is critical to understanding what approach may be the most effective for nanomedicine design. In this study, using molecular simulation techniques, we have analyzed the key properties of a NP that may affect the mechanism of transit - the effect of size and hydrophobicity. By using a continuum model of a NP based on the Hamaker potential, we have created NP of tunable hydrophobic properties. The effect of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and mixed properties of the NP is analyzed against a biomimetic bilayer - we show that this model can illustrate three distinct properties - where the hydrophilic type shows rupture of the bilayer, the hydrophobic type showing a entrapment of the NP around the hydrophobic tailgroups of the bilayer, and the mixed type showing a distinct, direct translocation type mechanism. Increasing the NP size shows different effects for each type of NP, and hence, may provide insight into the design of NPs with these types of mechanisms involved.