Anthropological turn in the Music of the Twentieth Century

The purpose of the article is to determine the cultural and historical determinants of the anthropological turn in the music of the twentieth century when the civilizational desire to create an artificial environment led to the invention of new forms of compositional structures (twelve-tone system, aleatorics, etc.). The methodology consists of theoretical and interpretive models of analysis of mechanisms of cultural creation to determine their narrative orientation, systemic and comparative approaches to determine the specifics of the musical reality of modern culture to understand the interconnectedness with world social processes. The scientific novelty is to reveal the features of the interaction of social perceptual and artistic image in music at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries as a reality of musicological reflection, as well as to characterize the interaction of globalization processes and ethnic background in the music culture of late XX - early XXI centuries. Conclusions. The musical culture of Ukraine of the twentieth century is becoming one of the priority factors in the dialogue of cultures of both the post-totalitarian "Soviet" space and world music culture, due to the intensification of the search for new ways of human development. Expansion of spheres of interaction, integrative and globalization tendencies are not fixed as restoration of cultural-historical potential, on the contrary, polystylism as a general platform of formation is presented by appeals to Ukrainian baroque culture, the renaissance of sacred music, the revival of the ethnic component in art, search for new ones. Keywords: musical culture, anthropological turn, globalization, dialogue of cultures.

The double-edged role of nitric oxide drives predictable microbial community organization according to the microenvironment

Microbial assemblages are omnipresent in the biosphere, forming communities on the surfaces of roots, rocks, and within living tissues. These communities can exhibit strikingly beautiful compositional structures, with certain members reproducibly occupying particular spatiotemporal microniches. Yet often, we lack the ability to explain the spatial patterns we see within them. To test the hypothesis that certain spatial patterns in microbial communities may be explained by the exchange of redox-active metabolites whose biological function is sensitive to environmental gradients, here we developed a simple community consisting of synthetic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with a partitioned denitrification pathway: a strict consumer and strict producer of nitric oxide (NO), a key pathway intermediate. Because NO can be both toxic or beneficial depending on the amount of oxygen present, this system provided an opportunity to investigate whether dynamic oxygen gradients can tune metabolic cross-feeding in a predictable fashion. Using a combination of genetic analysis, different growth environments and imaging, we show that oxygen availability controls whether NO cross-feeding is commensal or mutually beneficial, and that this organizing principle maps to the microscale. More generally, this work underscores the importance of considering the double-edged roles redox-active metabolites can play in shaping microbial communities.

Exercises to Be Done in Silence

The exercises in this section are performed in the mind (without the use of musical instruments) and may be done by individuals alone or by groups, such as classrooms, workshops, masterclasses, or even audiences. For individuals, who may or may not be musicians, these exercises can be fun to do at home, on trains, in waiting rooms, or just about anywhere. The exercises range from imagining visual images (as a warm-up) to imagining (in silence) ordinary sounds, scales, dynamics, instrumental timbres, harmonies, expressive performance techniques such as vibrato, and orchestration. The chapter also provides exercises that link imagining music to our other senses, and exercises that ask the participant to imagine or create sonic patterns, designs, scenarios, and compositional structures in fun and surprising ways, all in the mind’s ear.

Spontaneously formed gradient chemical compositional structures of niobium doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance ultraviolet- and visible-light photocatalytic performance

Semiconductor photocatalysts showing excellent performance under irradiation of both ultraviolet (UV)- and visible (VIS)-light are highly demanded towards realization of sustainable energy systems. TiO2 is one of the most common photocatalysts and has been widely investigated as candidate showing UV/VIS responsive performance. In this study, we report synthesis of Nb doped TiO2 by environmentally benign mechanochemical reaction. Nb atoms were successfully incorporated into TiO2 lattice by applying mechanical energy. As synthesized Nb doped TiO2 were metastable phase and formed chemical compositional gradient structure of poorly Nb doped TiO2 core and highly Nb doped TiO2 surface after high temperature heat treatment. It was found that formed gradient chemical compositional heterojunctions effectively enhanced photocatalytic performance of Nb doped TiO2 under both of UV- and VIS-light irradiation, which is different trend compared with Nb doped TiO2 prepared through conventional methods. The approach shown here will be employed for versatile systems because of simple and environmentally benign process.

Compositional RL Agents That Follow Language Commands in Temporal Logic

We demonstrate how a reinforcement learning agent can use compositional recurrent neural networks to learn to carry out commands specified in linear temporal logic (LTL). Our approach takes as input an LTL formula, structures a deep network according to the parse of the formula, and determines satisfying actions. This compositional structure of the network enables zero-shot generalization to significantly more complex unseen formulas. We demonstrate this ability in multiple problem domains with both discrete and continuous state-action spaces. In a symbolic domain, the agent finds a sequence of letters that satisfy a specification. In a Minecraft-like environment, the agent finds a sequence of actions that conform to a formula. In the Fetch environment, the robot finds a sequence of arm configurations that move blocks on a table to fulfill the commands. While most prior work can learn to execute one formula reliably, we develop a novel form of multi-task learning for RL agents that allows them to learn from a diverse set of tasks and generalize to a new set of diverse tasks without any additional training. The compositional structures presented here are not specific to LTL, thus opening the path to RL agents that perform zero-shot generalization in other compositional domains.

Anthropological view on the history of musical art

Research in the field of music anthropology as a separate science began to appear only in the last century. Currently, there are only a small number of studies on musical anthropology in the scientific literature. The purpose of the study is a theoretical generalisation of the manifestations of anthropological thinking in the musical art of classicism, romanticism, and avant-garde, carried out on the basis of contemporary scientific publications. The research methodology is based on the principles of analytical, historical, cultural, and comparative methods, which cover the aspects of musical anthropology of different eras. During the study, the authors considered the manifestations of anthropological thinking in the musical art of classicism, romanticism, and avant-garde, as well as modern scientific publications on musical anthropology. The authors concluded that synthetic, epic-dramatic genres of poetic ballads and poems had a particular influence on the musical composition of the Romantic era. These genres led to the emergence of a number of new compositional structures in the instrumental music of the Romanticism. This study can be used during lectures and practical classes in higher education institutions that specialise in the study of music; it can also be used by students for independent study of musical anthropology.

Category of compositions in the prayer

Linguistics of the turn of the XX – XXI centuries actively studies the religious functional style, which became possible due to changes in Russia’s sociopolitical situation. The subject of this research is the language of religious communication, individual religious genres, and stylistic system. The goal of this article lies in description of the compositional structure of the previously unstudied prayers, as well as in development of their classification. The research was conducted on 120 texts of prayers of the New Apostolic Christians created in the non-liturgical communicative situation. The specificity of creating prayers in this religious community consists in the fact that although each time the texts are written anew, thee are based on the canonical “Lord’s Prayer” , which corresponds to the constructive principle of religious style — proto-textuality. The method of categorical-textual analysis allows establishing that each of the created prayers has compositional structure, containing from one to three compositional blocks in its main part, which correlate with the three key intentions of the prayer — request, gratitude, and praise. The article offers a classification of the prayers based on the number of intentions included in the text, mono-intentional, bi-intentional, and poly-intentional compositional structures of the prayer text. It is determined that the basic compositional structure in the texts of the New Apostolic Christians is the bi-intentional structure, which contains the intentions of gratitude and requests in a strict order. The acquired results can be used in further research of the prayer texts in both, liturgical and non-liturgical communicative situations.

ARTISTIC EXPRESSION OF CARICATURES OF PEOPLE'S ARTIST HUSEYNGULU ALIYEV

In Huseyngulu Aliyev's works, we always see the successful expression of harsh color transitions, tonal spots, light effects, instant glare in the formation of dynamism, as well as the artist's unique creative position with different compositional structures in the more exciting presentation of these effects. In his work "Molla Nasreddin", which is currently preserved in a private collection in Norway, the artist expressed the deep expression of dynamism in the composition, both in the intensity of movements, sudden jumps, hymns of speed, and the contrasting transition of colors from light to dark or vice versa. It is interesting to recreate the artistic solution of the instantaneous plot in which the fruit of the old man, sitting on a fast-running donkey, spreads in the air and begins to scatter in the air. The clear language of caricatures created by Huseyngulu Aliyev, which combines both matte and bright tones of colors such as green, yellow and brown, is very thought-provoking due to their mobility and dynamism. Created in 1993, the interesting language of expression of the works, which is a vivid example of the idea mentioned in the cartoons with ink and pen, attracts attention. In "Unsuccesfull" the intention of a thief in a black mask to plunder the country, but before that the looting of these places ended in the failure of his plan. The astonishment of the robber looking at the empty baskets and glasses scattered on the ground makes it possible to imagine the facial features he covers. The clear language of caricatures created by Huseyngulu Aliyev is also very thought-provoking due to their mobility and dynamism. Created in 1993, the interesting language of expression of the works, which is a vivid example of the idea mentioned in the cartoons with ink and pen, attracts attention. In "Unsuccesfull" the intention of a thief in a black mask to plunder the country, but before that the looting of these places ended in the failure of his plan.The astonishment of the robber looking at the empty baskets and glasses scattered on the ground makes it possible to imagine the facial features he covers. Among the graphic examples created in the mentioned period, the unique composition of the work "Roads" attracts the attention of the audience with its interesting composition, which has a great meaning. The artist sang the song of a long way with the movement of crowded people in the same direction. The march of people who join the movement on an empty background expresses their common thinking and will. Here, the artist has successfully implemented mass thinking, not where and why the roads go. It is well-known that art, which came to art by chance, but managed to introduce itself in any way, has gained popularity in our time. The artist's very interesting and humorous composition in his caricature "Patriot of art" created about 20 years ago is dedicated to this type of "artists". The stage hymn of the performance of a long-eared man holding his tambourine in his hands in an artistic form clearly expresses the artist's purpose. The solution of the symbolic meaning given to some scenes of life by the artist using folk sayings in the unique compositional structure gives the basis to evaluate the artist's creativity by presenting it in a different form in each work. For example, in his 2001 work, “They Make the Old Moon a Star”, he praised an astrologer sitting on his back with his head cut off and turning the old moon into a star in the sky. The artist was referring to people who were ungrateful and apostate (Figure 2.91). In Huseyngulu Aliyev's caricatures, artistic exaggerations, different assessments of events or directing them in accordance with the content of the work are of interest as creative extraordinary creative discoveries. For example, the artist, who turned a fragment from the world-famous sculptor Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" into the content of the painting, watched the two snakes collide, fight, and try to poison each other, thinking deeply about world events. Here, the sharpness of the artistic generalization in such a difficult scene as the destruction of the same sex makes the viewer think (Figure 2.96).

Iconostases of Galicia: History and Features of Design

The meaning of sacral art in the spiritual culture of Ukrainian people is scarcely explored. Analytic review of iconostases in Galicia during 19th and the first half of the 20th cnturies as a phenomenon of Ukrainian artistic culture may be used during the restoration of ancient religious buildings, as well as in construction of new ones. The aim of the research is a historical comparison as well as artistic and culturological analysis. A series of iconostases have been introduced into scientific circulation. The meaning of carved décor in Galician Ukrainians’ sacral culture has been outlined. The formation of iconostasis design in the sacred environment of Galicia is investigated. The dominant and accentuating role of the iconostasis in the design of the church interior is established. The artistic carving played an important role in the history and artistic features of the iconostasis. The artistic and figurative solution of iconostases was conducted with the imitation of historical styles and used imitation of the ornamental and compositional structures of traditional folk art. Consequently, a national style emerged that became an original phenomenon of world art. Prospects for further studies are in increasing the number of studied iconostases, in investigating the symbolism of carved décor and its meaning in the sacral culture of the Ukrainians. Furthermore, the traditions of the design of religious buildings may be applied in modern construction

PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE: TWO TYPES OF SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS OF HUMANITY (ARTICLE 1)

Философию и эпические формы литературы единит «миссия» - «человечность» освоения гуманитарных сюжетов. Но различает «орудие» тематизации судьбы человечности. Философия преодолевает предметную детализацию мысли, вырывается из стесняющих обстоятельственных границ, расторгает условность жизненного материала, не налагает на себя поведенческих уз. Преодолевает она и каноны жанровых систем, композиционных конструкций, тенденции стилевого самовыражения. В отличие от литературы философия добивается универсальности трактовок универсальных возможностей, данных не в образах, а в идеях, не в сценах, а в отвлечениях. Philosophy and epic forms of literature are united by the «mission» - the «humanity» of mastering humanitarian subjects. But they are distinguished by the «tool» of the human destiny thematization. Philosophy overcomes the objective details of thought, breaks out of the confining circumstantial boundaries, breaks the conventionality of the material of life, and does not impose behavioral ties on itself. It also overcomes the canons of genre systems, compositional structures, and trends in stylistic self-expression. Unlike literature, philosophy strives for the universality of interpretations of universal possibilities, given not in images, but in ideas, not in scenes, but in distractions.