Produksi Material Enrico-Fermi (Memperkaya Kandungan Nitrogen Pada Pupuk Organik Dari Hasil Produk Samping Penyulingan Minyak Nilam)

Utilization of distilled patchouli waste is still very limited, so to optimize it, research is carried out on the manufacture of granule compost from patchouli solid waste trough 3 stages of activity. First aerobic fermentation process of Aceh Jaya patchouli solid waste with variations in the ratio of patchouli solid waste and tofu industrial liquid waste used, namely 1:1; 1:3; and 1:5 then the ratio between waste and bioactivator EM4 is 1:3%; 1:5%; and 1:7%. The second process of Enrico-Fermi fertilizer granulation using granule adhesive, namely tapioca flour with the ratio between Enrico-Fermi fertilizer and adhesive material is 2:1. The three processes of testing the Enrico-Fermi material on patchouli plant growth. The results showed that the highest NPK content in the Enrico-Fermi fertilizer was obtained at the ratio between patchouli waste and tofu liquid waste, namely 1:3 and the addition of EM4 with 7% EM-4 concentrations, namely 5.83% nitrogen, 1.91% phosphorus. and 3.46% potassium. The yield of Enrico-Fermi granule fertilizer was 71.43%. The response of plants to Enrico-Fermi fertilizer resulted in an increase in plant stem height of 5.7 cm, 16 leaves and 3 branches.

ROS/RNS Balancing, Aerobic Fermentation Regulation and Cell Cycle Control – a Complex Early Trait (‘CoV-MAC-TED’) for Combating SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cell Reprogramming

In a perspective entitled ‘From plant survival under severe stress to anti-viral human defense’ we raised and justified the hypothesis that transcript level profiles of justified target genes established from in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction in plants as a reference compared to virus-induced profiles can identify differential virus signatures that link to harmful reprogramming. A standard profile of selected genes named ‘ReprogVirus’ was proposed for in vitro-scanning of early virus-induced reprogramming in critical primary infected cells/tissues as target trait. For data collection, the ‘ReprogVirus platform’ was initiated. This initiative aims to identify in a common effort across scientific boundaries critical virus footprints from diverse virus origins and variants as a basis for anti-viral strategy design. This approach is open for validation and extension. In the present study, we initiated validation by experimental transcriptome data available in public domain combined with advancing plant wet lab research. We compared plant-adapted transcriptomes according to ‘RegroVirus’ complemented by alternative oxidase (AOX) genes during de novo programming under SE-inducing conditions with in vitro corona virus-induced transcriptome profiles. This approach enabled identifying a major complex trait for early de novo programming during SARS-CoV-2 infection, called ‘CoV-MAC-TED’. It consists of unbalanced ROS/RNS levels, which are connected to increased aerobic fermentation that links to alpha-tubulin-based cell restructuration and progression of cell cycle. We conclude that anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies need to rigorously target ‘CoV-MAC-TED’ in primary infected nose and mouth cells through prophylactic and very early therapeutic strategies. We also discuss potential strategies in the view of the beneficial role of AOX for resilient behavior in plants. Furthermore, following the general observation that ROS/RNS equilibration/redox homeostasis is of utmost importance at the very beginning of viral infection, we highlight that ‘de-stressing’ disease and social handling should be seen as essential part of anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies.

ROS/RNS balancing, aerobic fermentation regulation and cell cycle control a complex early trait ('CoV-MAC-TED') for combating SARS-CoV-2-induced cell reprogramming

In a perspective entitled From plant survival under severe stress to anti-viral human defense we raised and justified the hypothesis that transcript level profiles of justified target genes established from in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction in plants as a reference compared to virus-induced profiles can identify differential virus signatures that link to harmful reprogramming. A standard profile of selected genes named ReprogVirus was proposed for in vitro-scanning of early virus-induced reprogramming in critical primary infected cells/tissues as target trait. For data collection, the ReprogVirus platform was initiated. This initiative aims to identify in a common effort across scientific boundaries critical virus footprints from diverse virus origins and variants as a basis for anti-viral strategy design. This approach is open for validation and extension. In the present study, we initiated validation by experimental transcriptome data available in public domain combined with advancing plant wet lab research. We compared plant-adapted transcriptomes according to RegroVirus complemented by alternative oxidase (AOX) genes during de novo programming under SE-inducing conditions with in vitro corona virus-induced transcriptome profiles. This approach enabled identifying a major complex trait for early de novo programming during SARS-CoV-2 infection, called CoV-MAC-TED. It consists of unbalanced ROS/RNS levels, which are connected to increased aerobic fermentation that links to alpha-tubulin-based cell restructuration and progression of cell cycle. We conclude that anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies need to rigorously target CoV-MAC-TED in primary infected nose and mouth cells through prophylactic and very early therapeutic strategies. We also discuss potential strategies in the view of the beneficial role of AOX for resilient behavior in plants. Furthermore, following the general observation that ROS/RNS equilibration/redox homeostasis is of utmost importance at the very beginning of viral infection, we highlight that de-stressing disease and social handling should be seen as essential part of anti-viral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies.

Predicting Humification Degree of Organic Solid Waste During Aerobic Fermentation Using Designated Bacterial Community

Background: Microbe is the driver for disposing of organic solid waste (OSW) during aerobic fermentation. Notwithstanding, the significance of microbe is always underestimated in numerous preceding studies about the aerobic fermentation products assessment. Results: Here, we investigate the humification degree (HD) and humic acid content could be assessed in terms of the bacterial community. Microbial sequencing and bioinformatics approaches are combined to analyze the biological characteristics of 105 aerobic fermentation samples collected. The bacterial communities could make predictions, which even correctly determines the categories of OSWs with 94% accuracy. Furthermore, the bacterial genera screened are designated as the bacterial code, which is substituted into the Random forest model to predict HD. And the bacteria codes can also provide a better prediction of the HD. Conclusions: Our result suggested that bacteria codes a reliable biological method is proposed to assess HD effectively. Our experiment not only proves that the aerobic fermentation can be revealed by biological means. The bacterial codes can also be used as an ecological and biological indicator to evaluate the quality of the aerobic fermentation of different materials. This study further provides new insights on the use of microbe to evaluate the content of various substances during the degradation process of OSWs.

EFFECT OF AEROBIC FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA ON THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF ITS PRODUCT

Aerobic fermentation of cassava was carried out to determine the nutrient quality of the final product with a view to optimizing its use in poultry diets. Two varieties of cassava TMS 30572 and OTA were peeled, chipped and heaped for fermentation. Samples were taken at days 0, 3, 5 and 7 for determination of moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and cyanide levels. Fermentation was carried out in both dry and wet seasons. Results showed that major changes in composition were in the moisture content which increased with corresponding decreases in dry mater content with increasing period of fermentation for both seasons studied. Protein content increased up to a period of 3 days after which it declined. A similar trend was observed in both wet and dry seasons. However, it was noted that a higher moisture content with a correspondingly lower dry matter content was reported for all samples in the wet season when compared to their counterparts in the dry season. Cyanide content was reduced with an increasing period of fermentation in all samples irrespective of variety and season. Further studies are recommended to investigate the possibility of increasing protein content by fermentation.