The necessity of data allocation: A plea for a private law (property law) perspective

Clarifying the legal status of data is one of the major issues and challenges the European legislator has to deal and cope with while establishing a legal frame for a European data economy. Albeit at the beginning of the policy-making process the idea of creating a data right (on non-personal data) was on the agenda of the European Commission, this idea now seems to be have been abandoned. Instead, the focus actually lies on the creation of access and management regimes (e.g. Open Data Directive, Proposal for a European Data Governance Act). This approach seems, from a private law perspective, questionable, since the access right is inherently connected to – or more precisely, flowing from – an allocative right (in its most classical form: ownership). This article is a plea for a private law, or more precisely, property law perspective, namely for the creation of an allocative data right. It explores why the access approach from a private law perspective appears to be inconsistent and outlines the contours of such allocative right. In this context, contemporary property law theories are also assessed, since it is primarily property law which shall serve as the doctrinal background and framework for the envisaged allocative data right.

Evaluating the Curtailment Risk of Non-Firm Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Plants under a Novel Last-In First-Out Principle of Access Interconnection Agreement

With the increasing share of distributed energy resources on the electric grid, utility companies are facing significant decisions about infrastructure upgrades. An alternative to extensive and capital-intensive upgrades is to offer non-firm interconnection opportunities to distributed generators, via a coordinated operation of utility scale resources. This paper introduces a novel flexible interconnection option based on the last-in, first-out principles of access aimed at minimizing the unnecessary non-firm generation energy curtailment by balancing access rights and contribution to thermal overloads. Although we focus on solar photovoltaic (PV) plants in this work, the introduced flexible interconnection option applies to any distributed generation technology. The curtailment risk of individual non-firm PV units is evaluated across a range of PV penetration levels in a yearlong quasi-static time-series simulation on a real-world feeder. The results show the importance of the size of the curtailment zone in the curtailment risk distribution among flexible generation units as well as that of the “access right” defined by the order in which PV units connect to the grid. Case study results reveal that, with a proper selection of curtailment radius, utilities can reduce the total curtailment of flexible PV resources by up to more than 45%. Findings show that non-firm PV generators can effectively avoid all thermal limit-related upgrade costs.

Design and Implementation of an IoT-based Transactional System for Quality Management

The spread of Coronavirus has forced populations around the globe to adopt strict measures such as lockdown, home quarantine, and home office. Moreover, in the current development of network communications, people can exploit internet and intranet features in many systems that need to be faster, more efficient, and available on time. Furthermore, with the benefits of using internet-of-things (IoT), through which things are generated, gained, discovered, and proposed without interference, the user could receive the last status without exertion and direct contact (i.e., in a contactless manner). These specifications can be used in a transaction system. This paper proposes an electronic transaction system (ETS) as a replacement for the current paper transaction used in most organizations’ environments. The progress includes the signing privilege, access right for each position, delivery reports, transaction tracking, and transaction storage safety. Transactions will be stored in an encrypted way at the database to keep them safe from illegal changes. For that, a secure electronic transaction is created with digital signature services. The negligence can be identified in the workflow by tracking the operations and receiving exceptional cases’ alerts. Finally, this paper compared the proposed system against state-of-the-art systems.

Possibilities Usage Blockchain Technology For Protect Intellectual Property Rights In Ukraine

In the article the author explores the prospects of using blockchain technologies to protect intellectual property rights. The purpose of this study is to identify the main advantages of this technology, analysis of foreign legislation and proposals for improving existing legislation. The analysis of activity of operating services on the basis of blockchain technology WIPO Proof, Blinded, Ascribe and practice of their application is carried out. Promising areas of use of blockchain technology in the field of intellectual property should be: ensuring the automatic storage of data of applications for intellectual property rights; opportunity to confirm intellectual property rights; separations of access rights to the object of intellectual property rights. Ensuring automatic storage of data of applicants for intellectual property rights. Services based on blockchain technology allow you to securely store user data. The reliability and completeness of the data rests with the user of the services. Ability to confirm intellectual property rights. Analyzing advantages and disadvantages of blochchain technology, it should be noted that this technology will have a positive result in Ukraine, namely build on the basic technology of blockchain register of intellectual property rights. By analogy with the State Land Cadastral to blockchain technology. Separation of access right to the object of intellectual property rights. The advantage of this service is the ability to enter into smart contracts, which are confidential because they are stored in encrypted form, reduces time and money. The parties can be sure that the terms of the agreement will be met, and no one will change them. In conclusion, blockchain technology has significant prospects and provides an opportunity to qualitatively transform the field of intellectual property in the direction of providing reliable evidence of authorship, facilitating content control and user rights management.

Tracing the Emergence of Nordic Allemansrätten through Digitised Parliamentary Sources

The chapter studies the tradition of allemansrätten, a right of public access to nature, in recently digitized documents of the Finnish Parliament (1907-2000) using text mining methods. Allemansrätten is a well-known and much used principle in the Nordic countries, yet, its history is little researched. This study use collocation analysis and topic modelling to explore the historical trajectory of the term in Finland. It shows how ‘allemansrätt’ appeared in the 1940s as part of a temporary everyman’s fishing rights and while the current meaning is found in the 1960s it came to be commonly employed in outdoor recreation debates in the early 1970s, somewhat later than previously thought. Furthermore, a significant shift is discovered from allemansrätten’s use in access right debates to being marked as a national symbol in the 1990s. Although the OCR quality of the digitised parliamentary documents is proven to be very good, they lack in metadata which would improve their usability; thus digital historians should actively participate in the development of such key historical corpora.

Socio-Religiuos Model of Disability: Sebuah Rancangan Awal

Studi disabilitas masih menjadi tema kecil dalam ilmu pengetahuan Islam. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan Islam tidak memiliki misi untuk mengatasi permasalahan diskriminasi yang dialami penyandang disabilitas. Hal ini mengakibatkan penyandang disabilitas dikucilkan bahkan dalam komunitas Muslim. Kami mengidentifikasi bahwa kurangnya akses yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Muslim disebabkan oleh kurangnya ilmu- ilmu keislaman dalam mendorong mereka untuk berperilaku secara inklusif. Artikel ini mencoba menawarkan model sosio-religius dalam mengentaskan diskriminasi disabilitas dengan dua level metodologis. Level pertama adalah mengkritisi epistemologi hukum Islam untuk mendobrak bias normalitas yang berakibat pada tidak diangkatnya masalah disabilitas sebagai tema dalam hukum Islam. Pada level kedua dilanjutkan dengan menginternalisasi filosofi model disabilitas sosial pada ahliyyah dan maqasid, sehingga epistemologi hukum Islam memiliki gagasan inklusi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa hak akses dijamin oleh ahliyah al-wujub, dan strategi pemenuhan hak akses diatur dalam teori maqasid. Metode ini menghasilkan konsep hukum Islam praktis yang dapat dijadikan dasar untuk membentuk masyarakat Islam yang inklusif.[Disability studies are still a minor theme in the Islamic science. This indicates that Islamic science does not have a mission to alleviate discrimination problems experienced by persons with disabilities. This results in disability being excluded even in Muslims’ community. We identified that lack of access performed by Muslims society is caused by lack of Islamic sciences in encouraging them to conduct inclusively. This article seeks to offer a socio-religious model in alleviating disability discrimination with two methodological levels. The first level is crticizing epistemology of Islamic law to break down the bias of normality which results in the lack of appointment of disability problems as themes in Islamic law. At the second level is continued by internalizing social-disability model philosophy in ahliyyah and maqa>s}id, so that the epistemology of Islamic law has the idea of inclusion. The results of this study are that the right of access is guaranted by ahliyah al-wuju>b, and strategy of fulfilling access right is regulated in light of maqa>s}id theory. This method fruits the concept of practical Islamic law which can be used as a basis for forming an inclusive Islamic society.]

PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL BERBASIS MOODLE PADA MATERI HIDROKARBON

DEVELOPMENT OF E-MODUL BASED ON MOODLE IN HYDROCARBON TOPICAbstractThis study aims to develop e-module with Moodle applications on hydrocarbon materials. This e-module with Moodle application has several advantages, namely learning is more exciting, and learning remotely can be done where educators can still control learning, assessment and giving badges to students who succeed in being the best. This Moodle-based e-module also has discussion forums, quizzes and CBT-based exercises, and there is a feedback page and has an access-right restriction security feature where unregistered users cannot open the e-module. This research method is development research (Research and Development, R & D) with the ADDIE model development model with the instrument of data collection is the validation sheet and questionnaire of respondents. The data analysis technique is by calculating the percentage score of the validation assessment and user response. The results showed that the Moodle-based e-module developed fulfilled very valid criteria from aspects of visual communication, learning design, content, and ease of use with a score of 90.23% in terms of material and 95.67% in terms of media. The results of the test responses of students and teachers each scored 91.67% and 93.45%.. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar e-modul dengan aplikasi Moodle pada materi hidrokarbon. E-modul dengan aplikasi Moodle ini memiliki beberapa kelebihan yakni pembelajaran lebih menarik dan dapat dilakukan dengan jarak jauh dimana pendidik masih dapat mengontrol kegiatan pembelajaran, penilaian dan memberikan lencana bagi peserta didik yang berhasil menjadi yang terbaik, terdapat forum diskusi, kuis dan latihan berbasis CBT serta terdapat laman feedback dan memiliki fitur keamanan pembatasan hak akses dimana pengguna yang tidak terdaftar tidak dapat membuka e-modul. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan model pengembangan model ADDIE. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar validasi dan kuisioner responden. Teknik analisis data yaitu dengan cara menghitung skor persentase penilaian validasi dan respon pengguna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa e-modul berbasis Moodle yang dikembangkan memenuhi kriteria sangat valid dari aspek komunikasi visual, desain pembelajaran, isi, dan kemudahan penggunaan dengan skor 90,23% dari segi materi dan 95,67% dari segi media. Hasil uji respon peserta didik dan guru masing-masing memperoleh skor 91,67% dan 93,45%.

Is right to try being tried? Using crowdfunding data to better understand usage of nontrial pre-approval access pathways

Aim: The US FDA has two nontrial pre-approval access pathways: expanded access (EA) and right to try (RTT). Reports of successful RTT use are scarce, and the FDA has not yet published RTT usage data, yet proponents tout its utility. In the face of this discrepancy and a lack of transparency of usage statistics, our aim is to add to the limited understanding of RTT usage. Materials & m ethods: We searched crowdfunding campaigns referencing ‘expanded access’, ‘right to try’ or ‘compassionate use’ since 2018. Results: We identified 26 EA campaigns, 29 RTT campaigns and two referencing both. Twenty one EA campaigns described being approved to receive access to the requested experimental medical product versus one RTT campaign. Conclusion: RTT is associated with poor understanding of nontrial pre-approval access. These campaigns suggest RTT is not offering a practical alternative to EA. Cost remains a significant barrier to these patients.