East – West Philosophy

This article deals with the stages in the attitude of Western scholars to Eastern philosophy

पूर्वीय दर्शनमा तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसा [Metaphysics and Epistemology in Eastern Philosophy]

प्रस्तुत लेखमा दर्शनका बारे सामान्य परिचय दिंदै पूर्वीय सभ्यताअन्तर्गत भारतीय खण्ड वा हिमाली क्षेत्रबाट प्रवर्तित प्राचीन दर्शनहरूको उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसक्रममा षड्दर्शन अन्तर्गत पर्ने साङ्ख्य,योग,न्याय,वैशेषिक,मीमांसा र वेदान्तदर्शनएवम् वेदको अस्तित्वलाई अस्वीकार गर्ने चार्वाक,जैन र बौद्घदर्शनको पहिचान गरिएको छ । तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसा भनेको के हो ? भन्ने विषयमा संक्षिप्त रुपले विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पूर्वीय क्षेत्रबाट प्रवर्तित प्राचीन नौवटा दर्शनको सामान्य परिचय दिदै तिनीहरूमा पाइने तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसाका बारे संक्षेपमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसक्रममा तत्वमीमांसाका बारे छलफल गर्दा साङ्ख्यदर्शनमा प्रकृति र पुरुषसहित पच्चीस तत्त्व, योगदर्शनमा छब्बीस तत्त्व, न्यायदर्शनमा सोह्र पदार्थ, वैशेषिकदर्शनमा सात पदार्थ, मीमांसा दर्शनमा पञ्चकर्म, वेदान्तदर्शनमा अद्वैतवाद(ब्रह्मवाद), चार्वाक दर्शनमा भौतिकवाद, जैन दर्शनमा बहुतत्ववाद र बौद्घदर्शनमा शून्यवाद मुख्य तत्वका रुपमा आएका छन् भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ । त्यसैगरी ज्ञानमीमांसाका बारे छलफल गर्दा साङ्ख्यदर्शनमा कार्यकारण सिद्घान्त र सत्कार्यवाद, योग दर्शनमा चित्तको व्याख्या र अष्टाङ्ग योग, न्यायदर्शनमा प्रमा, प्रमाता, प्रमाण र प्रमेयकाबारे वृहत् छलफल, वैषेशिकदर्शनमा परमाणुवाद, मीमांसादर्शनमा धर्मफल(कर्मफल सिद्घान्त÷कर्मवाद), वेदान्तदर्शनमा ज्ञानका प्रकार र मोक्षप्राप्तिका साधन, चार्वाक दर्शनमा प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाणका आधारमा लौकिक संसारको व्याख्या, जैन दर्शनमा अनेकान्तवाद, स्याद्वाद र सप्तभङ्गीनयको व्याख्या गर्दै ज्ञानका प्रकार एवम् विधि र बौद्ध दर्शनमा प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद, कर्मवाद, अनित्यवाद, अनात्मवाद, क्षणिकवाद, शून्यवाद मुख्य ज्ञानका रुपमा आएका छन् भनेर उल्लेख गरिएको छ । [This article briefly introduces philosophy focusing on eastern philosophy specifically based on the ancient philosophies originated in Indian sub-continent or Himalayan region. It discusses the philosophies like Sankhya, Yog, Nyaya, Vaiseshik, Mimamsa and Vedanta that fall under six basic philosophies and three other philosophies like Charvak, Jain, and Bauddha which discard the existence of Veda. This essay briefly analyses metaphysics and epistemology, and discusses the metaphysics and epistemology of those nine different philosophies originated in the eastern landscape. Talking about metaphysics, this article has mentioned twenty-five Tatwa including Prakriti and Purush under Sankhya philosophy. Under Yog philosophy, there are twenty-six Tatwa, sixteen matters in Nyaya philosophy, seven matters in Vaiseshik philosophy, Panchakarma in Mimamsa philosophy, Bramhaism in Vedanta philosophy, materialism in Charvak philosophy, multi-physicalism (Bahutatwabad) in Jain philosophy and zeroism (Sunyabad) in Buddhist philosophy as discussed in the article. Regarding epistemology, there is discussion of the philosophy of good deed (Satkaryabad) in Sankhya philosophy, description of Chitta and eight folded yoga in Yog philosophy, discussion of Prama, Paramata, Praman and Prameya under Nyaya philosophy, atomism (Paramanubad) in Vaiseshik philosophy, Dharmaphal in Mimamsa philosophy, types of knowledge and ways of achieving salvation in Vedanta philosophy, description of physical world in Charvak philosophy, types of knowledge and their methods in Jain philosophy, and lastly, Karmabad, Anityabad, Anatmabad, Sunyabad, kshanikbad in Buddhist philosophy.]

The influence of sufism ideas on the formation of the kazakh philosophy

The scientific article examines the influence of sufism ideas on the formation of the spiritual world of human. The authors study the motives of sufism reflected in Eastern philosophy, including the worldview of kazakh thinkers Abay Kunanbayev, Shakarim Kudaiberdiyev and Mashkhur Zhusup Kopeiuly. In the article, the authors reveal that sufism is an indisputable.

प्रमास्वरूपं तद्भेदाश्च [Pramaswaroopam tadbhedaashcha]

नेपाली भाषामा सारंश लेख संगै उपलब्ध छ [Nepali language abstracts available with article] [The presented article includes an in-depth discussion of Prama form the perspective of NyayaDarshan and VaisheshikDarshan in Eastern Philosophy. In the process of differentiating the form and aspects of Prama, NyayaDarshan mentions major four types of Prama; Pratyaksha, Anumiti, Upamiti, and Shaabda while VaisheshikDarshan mentions two types of Prama; Pratyakshaand Anumiti. This paper has been prepared following the existing theoretical bases and qualitative research methodology. Article concludes TadwatiTatprakarkaanubhava is itself Prama and in-depth discussion of Prama as the form of true knowledge has been mentioned. From the perspective of VaisheshikDarshan, Upamiti and ShaabaPramahavebeen assumed as the Anumiti and integrated within Anuman. This article is expected to be useful for the readers interested in Prama mentioned in NyayaDarshan and Vaisheshik Darshan.]

The Limits of Justice-Informed Research and Teaching in the Presence of Antiblackness and Black Suffering: Surplus of Transformation or (Un)Just Traumatic Returns?

In this conceptual article, I examine the turn of justice-oriented research and teaching from transformative to traumatic and its relationship to antiblackness. I consider the affordances and limits of research and teaching that makes antiblackness visible while simultaneously citing potentially traumatizing portraits of Black suffering. Drawing from critical multicultural education and social justice scholarship, alongside Black intellectual thought in literary studies, visual studies, Eastern philosophy, and participatory and ethnographic research, I ask whether and how researchers should engage justice-informed research and teaching. I offer insights to consider when seeking either to capture antiblack injustice or to share it as curriculum.

THE PERSPECTIVE ON HUMANS IN EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

<p>Eastern philosophy appeared very early in history with two typical philosophies, India and China. These are the two countries with the earliest and most influential culture and ideology in the region. Studying the entire Eastern philosophical thoughts, we can easily see that the problem of man stands out. During the process of formation and development, Chinese philosophy has taken people and human-related issues as the object of study. Theories on humans are very rich and diverse in order to clarify the human issues in many different aspects. Therefore, the article focuses on analyzing the human perspective in some basic theories to clarify the content of human theory: from the origin of formation, human nature, human’s inherent character to the development of human personality to adapt to the social community in which people live in Eastern philosophy.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0870/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Health as a Value of Culture: the Contribution of Ibn-Sina

The article is devoted to a topic relevant in the era of a pandemic, but little developed in Kazakhstani humanities: the eastern philosophy of health. The focus is on the work of an outstanding thinker and at the same time a healer - Abu Ali Inbn-Sina. He managed to make a breakthrough in medicine, to raise it to new heights precisely because he was first of all a philosopher and developed a system of principles of Eastern philosophy of health. The doctor should be guided by a philosophical understanding of the essence of a person, recognizing the leading role of the soul in the interaction of soul and body. Ibn Sina’s health includes in the system of worldview universals: God - Peace - Man - Life - Death - Soul - Body.

Humanity And Divinity Are The Objects Of Sufi Teachings

Philosophy, especially Eastern philosophy, has always developed in harmony with religion, religious teachings. It is true that at one-time Imam al-Ghazali in his "Tahafut ul-Falasifa" (“Incoherence of the Philosophers”) opposed philosophers, sharply criticized their sixteen metaphysical and four physical rules, and sought to absolutize the divine will, which, although it gained followers and successes in this respect, cannot eliminate the harmony [1] between philosophy and religion, humanity, and divinity. Perhaps he brought Ibn Rushd into the world of philosophy, and Ibn Rushd became famous for illuminating the relationship between philosophy and religion [2].