Assessment of Moringa oleifera Seeds as a Natural Coagulant in Treating Low Turbid Water

This research examined the coagulating potential of Moringa oleifera seeds in treating low turbid water. The active ingredient of the seeds was extracted using Soxhlet Apparatus with hexane as the solvent, after which the coagulant was dosed from 0.03g/L to 0.4g/L and used to treat a water sample with a low Turbidity of 18.4NTU, yielding an optimum value of 4.90NTU, an optimum dose of 0.03g/L and a turbidity reduction of 100% when compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard which is 5NTU. The study affirms Moringa oleifera as an effective natural coagulant in low turbid water treatment and it is recommended for household water treatments. Keywords— Hexane, Low turbid water, Moringa oleifera, Natural coagulant, Soxhlet apparatus

Utilization of Moringa oleifera as Natural Coagulant for Water Purification

The plant-based natural coagulant has the potential to substitute the chemical coagulant in the water treatment process. In this work, the potential of plant-based natural coagulants in the ability of turbidity removal was identified. The Moringa oleifera seed was selected for the batch analysis test such as pH, contact time, agitation, and dosage. The high alkaline water decreases the effectiveness of plant-based natural coagulants. The agitation and contact time show the importance of the coagulation process. The optimum turbidity removal rate in pH is 4, the contact time is 60 seconds and 3000 seconds for coagulation and flocculation, respectively, the agitation is 300 RPM and 30 RPM for coagulation and flocculation, and lastly, the dosage is 10 g of Moringa oleifera seed. Finally, the plant-based natural coagulants demonstrated the ability to remove turbidity and could be used in place of chemical coagulants.

EVALUATION OF DELONIX REGIA SEEDS AS A NATURAL COAGULANT IN THE TREATMENT OF LOW TURBID WATER

This research aims at evaluating the effectiveness of Delonix regia as a natural coagulant in treating low turbid water. The active ingredient of the coagulant was extracted using Soxhlet Apparatus with Hexane as the solvent. The water sample was obtained from the famous Ala river in Akure, Ondo state. The water from this river is oftentimes used by the residents without treatment because it appears clean to them, this river had a turbidity of 18.4NTU which is above the standard (5NTU) required by the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe usage. After treating with different doses (0.03g/L to 0.4g/L) of the coagulant, an optimum value of 6.12NTU at an optimum dose of 0.03g/L and a turbidity reduction of was obtained 66.74%, alongside an improvement in other water parameters such as Conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids. This result proves the effectiveness of Delonix regia as a natural coagulant in treating low turbid water. However, treatment with Delonix regia is not sufficient to improve the quality of low turbid water to WHO acceptable limits for potable water.

Liquid smoke application in latex as an environment-friendly natural coagulant

Liquid smoke has many benefits, especially in the food, fishery, timber, and plantation industries. It is used as a preservative or durability increased and aroma and taste addition in the food and fishery industry. In the wood industry, liquid smoke can resist termite attacks, while in the plantation industry, it functions as a latex coagulant containing antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidants that can improve rubber product’s quality. Most of the rubber farmers in Bangka Belitung still use alum as a coagulant to coagulate their latex. However, alum coagulant can reduce the quality of the processed rubber material (bokar). The reason farmers use alum is that raw materials are cheap, therefore getting coagulant raw materials at low prices and not pollute the environment with a less moderate aroma/odor caused by non-recommended coagulant materials (alum) are needed. This study aims to apply liquid smoke as a natural coagulant in latex freezing. The research method used a Completely Randomized Design, with liquid smoke concentration replicated three times. Parameters observed were clotting time speed and organoleptic test for odor during 14 days of storage. The results showed that the best concentration of liquid smoke was 15% no odor and a clotting time of 8.23 minutes.

Effectiveness of Mushroom (Pleurotus Pulmonarius) Waste as Natural Coagulant for Kaolin Synthetic Water via Coagulation-Flocculation Process

Coagulation-flocculation process is a widely used method in water treatment. In this study, mushroom waste was selected as natural coagulant to treat kaolin synthetic water via coagulation-flocculation process. Rotten mushroom and mushroom spent were evaluated separately. Functional group of mushroom wastes were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Optimum dosage and pH of mushroom wastes and aluminium sulphate in kaolin synthetic water treatment were examined through jar testing. A comparative study on the effectiveness of mushroom wastes and aluminium sulphate in kaolin synthetic water treatment was evaluated in terms of turbidity removal percentage and sludge volume index. Results obtained from jar testing show rotten mushroom and mushroom spent achieved turbidity removal efficiency of 99.73% and 99.25% respectively at optimal pH of 4 and optimal dosage of 5 mg/L whereas 99.91% of turbidity was eliminated by alum under optimum condition of pH 9 and dosage 25 mg/L. Under optimized condition, sludge volume index value obtained by rotten mushroom, mushroom spent and alum were 37.38 mL/g, 40.34 mL/g and 51.58 mL/g respectively. Overall, the finding indicated that mushroom waste could be a potential alternative to chemical coagulant since they are environmentally friendly, effective in turbidity removal, producing less sludge and pH independent.

Utilization of citrus microcarpa peels and papaya seeds as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal

Coagulation and flocculation are an essential component of both the treatment of drinking water and the treatment of wastewater. The coagulant is one of the materials or substances that is added to the water to remove, stabilizes and causes colloidal particles to settle. Chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulphate (alum), ferric chloride, and synthetic polymers are the most commonly used coagulants in the industry due to their efficacy in turbidity removal. However, the use of chemical-based coagulants has had some negative impacts on human health and the environment, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and has produced a high volume of toxic sludge. In order to reduce negative impacts, this led to the discovery of an alternative to the natural coagulant (plant-based) for drinking water treatment. The coagulant used in this study is a combination of fruit waste containing citrus microcarpa peels and papaya seed with a ratio of 80:20 and 40:60. In addition to determining the potential of the composite natural coagulant, the optimal dosage and the effect of the mixing duration are also studied in order to determine the best mixing duration for each stage of the coagulation-flocculation process. Laboratory-scale studies using jar test experiments were conducted on surface water to determine the percentage of turbidity removal. Fruit waste was collected from the UiTM Pulau Pinang cafeteria, dried in the oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 105°C. The optimum dosage of composite natural coagulant is 90 mg/L using an 80:20 ratio of citrus microcarpa peels and papaya seeds with 97% of turbidity removal. The optimum mixing time is determined where the fast mixing time is 180 rpm for 3 minutes, the slow mixing time is 20 minutes with 10 rpm and the settling time is 30 minutes. The study shows that citrus microcarpa peels and papaya seeds have the potential to become effective natural coagulants in the future.