Nosological and Age and Gender Profile of the Vologda Oblast Population Mortality and the Associated Demographic Losses

The continuation and deepening of regional studies of the nosological and age and gender structure of mortality and its temporal dynamics is due both to the need for scientific monitoring of the implementation of regional programs and projects of the Vologda Oblast dedicated to the protection and promotion of public health, and the need to update the trends in mortality of the region residents in the context of modern socio-demographic challenges (population aging, depopulation, a complex epidemiological situation against the background of the spread of coronavirus infection).The purpose of the study was the analysis of the nosological and age and gender profile of mortality in the Vologda Oblast and the resulting demographic losses, including their transformation over the period from 2015 to 2019. The choice of the analyzed period is not accidental: if in 2015 the region was characterized by the most positive indicators of natural population movement (the total coefficient of natural loss since the beginning of the 2000s reached a minimum of -1.1 per mille), then by 2019 the situation changed dramatically — the indicator of natural loss increased and amounted to - 4.5 per mille.Materials and methods. The study was based on both general scientific and special statistical and demographic methods of research — structural and dynamic analysis of mortality indicators of the Vologda oblast population; assessment of demographic losses due to premature mortality by calculating lost years of potential life; calculation of mortality rates. The information base was the data of the territorial body of the Federal state statistics service for the Vologda Oblast, in particular, the annual data on the distribution of the deceased by sex, age groups and causes of death for 2015-2019.Results. The conducted study allowed us to establish that, in general, the structure of mortality in the region shows signs of its gradual modernization: the level of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, external causes of death and their share in the total number of deaths are reduced, while increasing the proportion of neoplasms, symptoms, signs, deviations from the norm detected in clinical and laboratory tests, which is quite natural due to the shift in mortality to older age groups. At the same time, its features “slow down” the evolution of the mortality structure, such as a high proportion of young age groups (under 45 years old), especially categories 30-44 years old, in mortality from external causes, infectious and parasitic diseases, endocrine diseases, nutritional disorders, metabolic disorders and, as a result, the large scale of premature mortality of the region's population; male premature super-mortality, as well as the high contribution of the child population (0-14 years old) to premature mortality from diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs.Conclusion. Against the background of the coronavirus pandemic, the fact of a high contribution of young age groups (up to 45 years) to mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases is of great concern due to the likelihood of a sharp increase in the scale of human losses as a result of the layering of new premature deaths due to the consequences of COVID-19. It is considered necessary to include additional indicators of mortality reflecting its gender, age and nosological profile in the regional comprehensive program “Public health — in the center of attention”.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Vologda Oblast Districts

Relevance. There are large regional disparities in prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors, as well as in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality rates in Russian Federation (RF). Aim. To demonstrate the disparities in prevalence of CVD risk factors between Vologda Oblast districts. Materials and methods. Databases created in 2009 at the State-financed health institution of the Vologda Oblast «Vologda Regional Center for Medical Prevention», based on the results of a survey conducted within the framework of the World Health Organization CINDI program. CINDI questionnaire; cross-sectional study; the data was processed using R programming language and the Statistica software package 12. Results. The most common behavioral CVD risk factors in different Vologda Oblast districts included inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (30–90%) and alcohol abuse (40–80%); hypertension (40–60%), overweight and obesity (30–55%) were the most frequent biological CVD risk factors; the most prevalent socio-economic risk factors included low education level (75–90%) and unemployment (20–40%). Participants residing in rural municipalities differed from urban okrugs (cities) dwellers in a higher prevalence of smoking (p < 0.01), alcohol abuse (p < 0.001), inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (p < 0.0001), overweight and obesity (p < 0.05), unemployment (p < 0.0001), low education level (p < 0.0001), as well as a low overall assessment of their health (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We detected disparities in CVD risk factors prevalence between Vologda Oblast districts in 2009. Both behavioral and biological CVD risk factors were more common in participants from rural municipalities. The CVD risk factors distribution between the RF subjects’ districts requires further scientific research.

ZOOPLANKTON OF SMALL LAKES IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE CATCHMENT AREA OF LAKE VOZHE (VOLOGDA OBLAST)

In the summer period of 2017–2020, the authors studied the composition, dominant complex and the abun-dance of zooplankton in 23 small lakes in the eastern part of the Lake Vozhe catchment area (Vologda oblast). The lakes are located in lacustrine-glacial, moraine-hilly and moraine-plain landscapes. A total of 121 species are recorded in zooplankton of the lakes (Rotifera – 38, Cladocera – 56, Copepoda – 27) including Holopedium gibberum, Daphnia pulex, Bunops serricaudata, Paralona pigra, Chydorus ovalis, Acanthodiaptomus denticornus denticorn that are relatively rare species for the region. The highest occurrence is typical for eurybiontic species. The planktonic fauna of the waterbodies of lacustrine-glacial terrains is sui generis (the index of similarity with other lakes is 0.4). The level of similarity in the composition of zooplankton in moraine lakes is 0.7 on average. Zooplankton in the lakes of different landscape types differs in the structure of dominant complex. The set of dominants in the reservoirs of the lacustrine-glacial terrains is sui generis (Keratella cochlearis, Daphnia galeata, Eudiaptomus graciloides, Heterocope appendiculata). The composition of zooplankton dominants in moraine lakes is more diverse. Most of these waterbodies are dominated by Kellicottia longispina, Keratella cochlearis, Bosmina longirostris, Thermocyclops oithonoides. In the lakes of the moraine-hilly landscape, the set of dominants also includes Eudiaptomus gracilis and E. graciloides, and in the moraine-plain water bodies Asplanchna priodonta, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Polyphemus pediculus are dominant. The highest average abundance (137.7 thousand ind./m3) and biomass (1.8 g/m3) are typical for the lakes in moraine-plain landscapes. The morphology of the depressions of these lakes contributes to the development of macrophyte thickets. The abundance and biomass of zooplankters in waterbodies of the lacustrine-glacial landscapes are 58.9 thousand ind./m3 and 0.8 g/m3, respectively. The development of macrophytes in these reservoirs is limited by a rapid increase in depth and the predominance of peat and peat-silt soils.

Awareness of the Vologda oblast population about hiv infection: the experience of sociological research

The purpose of the article is the analysis of the awareness of the Vologda Oblast population about the ways of spreading HIV infection, its manifestations, methods of prevention and treatment, as well as attitudes towards HIV-positive people.The study materials was the next stage of monitoring reproductive potential of the Vologda Oblast population conducted by FSBIS VolRC RAS in 2019.The results of the survey showed that the awareness of the Vologda Oblast population on the problem of HIV infection is differentiated depending on its specific aspects. Residents of the region are most aware of the impact of HIV on the human body and its diagnosis, and the possibility of drug support for the life of patients. However, the population is less aware of the relationship between HIV and AIDS, the ways and biological environments of transmission, and the possibility of having a healthy child with an HIV-positive mother. Women, people aged 20 years and older, and residents from Vologda demonstrated the highest awareness of the main issues of HIV incidence (the nature of the disease, its impact on the body, ways and means of transmission). Men and young people aged 15–19 are less knowledgeable about all aspects, which makes it possible to classify these categories of the population as a «risk group» (i.e. potentially susceptible to HIV infection). In addition, among the residents of the region, social stigmatization of carriers of this disease is widespread, which is expressed in an unjustified fear of contracting HIV infection by household means (sharing dishes, treatment, visiting schools, kindergartens, buying food, etc.).Conclusion. The problem of insufficient awareness of certain aspects of the disease and discrimination against HIV-positive people can be solved by expanding programs aimed at raising awareness of the region’s population on this issue.

Identification of key problems of the manufacturing industry in the region based on the analysis of fixed assets (on the example of the Vologda oblast)

Целью исследования стало выявление ключевых проблем предприятий обрабатывающей промышленности, связанных с использованием основных фондов в производственном процессе. Информационную базу составили данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики и её территориальных органов. Анализ опирался на общенаучные (дедукция, сравнение, анализ, синтез) и экономико-статистические методы (средних величин, элементарные методы обработки расчётных данных, индексный метод). В качестве объекта исследования, характеризующегося высоким удельным весом обрабатывающих производств в промышленности региона, была выбрана Вологодская область. В ходе анализа изучены такие показатели, как наличие основных фондов, степень их износа и обновления, фондоотдача, фондоёмкость, фондовооружённость и фондорентабельность, коэффициент соотношения темпов роста объёмов выпуска и инвестиций в основной капитал и показатель экономии или перерасхода основных средств. По итогам анализа были выявлены проблемы высокого уровня изношенности средств производства на фоне высокой потребности в их модернизации и недостаточной инвестиционной активности предприятий в направлении обновления основных фондов. В рамках повышения эффективности их использования были предложены мероприятия по активизации инвестиционных процессов в отрасли, предполагающие создание инфраструктуры внедрения инноваций, открывающей возможности перехода региона с сырьевой направленности к выпуску высокотехнологичной продукции. Кроме того, были упомянуты традиционные пути решения возникшей проблемы, связанные с ускоренной заменой неэффективного оборудования и устранением производственных простоев. Научная новизна статьи состоит в применении более точных модификаций привычных в финансовом анализе показателей, позволяющих сделать вывод о ключевых проблемах, препятствующих расширенному воспроизводству основных фондов обрабатывающей отрасли региона. Ключевые слова и словосочетания: основные фонды, обрабатывающая промышленность, Вологодская область, методика анализа, инвестиционная активность.