Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5 µm Sand Fouling at 1050 °C

The present paper focuses on the resilience of 3-hole pressure probes to hot sand fouling in turbomachinery environments. These probes are utilized inside jet engine hot sections for diagnostics and flow characterization. Ingestion of sand and other particulates pose a significant risk to hot section components and measurement devices in gas turbine engines. In this study, wedge, cylindrical, and trapezoidal probes were exposed to hot section turbine aerothermal conditions of 1050 °C and 65–70 m/s flow velocity and fouled with 0–5 µm Arizona Road Dust (ARD). Sand accumulated more rapidly on the surface of the trapezoidal and cylindrical probe geometries than on the surface of the wedge probe geometry. Probe calibrations following sand fouling were performed in an ambient temperature, open air, calibration jet at Mach 0.3 and 0.5. Calibration curves using nondimensional coefficients were used to assess probe error in yaw angle due to sand fouling. Probe error was based on each probe’s ability to accurately measure flow direction over a flow angle range of [−10 deg, 10 deg]. On average, the probes displayed greater error at Mach 0.5 than Mach 0.3. The wedge probe performed the best after sand fouling and displayed a maximum error of less than ±2 deg in yaw angle. In contrast, the cylindrical probe performed the worst after sand fouling and displayed maximum errors of more than ±8 deg in yaw angle. Transient response did not change notably with sand fouling.

A Possible Destruction of SARS-CoV-2 by a Cylindrical Probe Coated with the Graphene Oxide: A Thermal-based Model

In this paper, the possible use of graphene oxide (GO) to destroy SARS-CoV-2 of COVID-19 is modeled. A molecular docking approach was first conducted to estimate the binding energy of GO with the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 virus (SGCoV). A simple space-limited geometry model is used to set up the maximum limit of SARS-CoV-2 that can be absorbed on the GO surface. Using the GO surface as a hotbed for virus destruction and utilizing the unique properties of GO (the molecular weight, the area to mass ratio, and the specific heat), we build a thermal-based model to explore the possibility of destroying the adsorbed SARS-CoV-2 on the GO-coated cylindrical probe. A hypothetical design of a medical device that could benefit from this model is also proposed here.

Measurement Drift in 3-Hole Yaw Pressure Probes From 5 Micron Sand Fouling at 1050° C

The present paper focuses on the resilience of 3-hole pressure probes to hot sand fouling in turbomachinery environments. These probes are utilized inside jet engine hot sections for diagnostics and flow characterization. Ingestion of sand and other particulates pose a significant risk to hot section components and measurement devices in gas turbine engines. In this study, wedge, cylindrical, and trapezoidal probes were exposed to hot section turbine aerothermal conditions of 1050°C and 65–70 m/s flow velocity and fouled with 0–5 μm Arizona Road Dust (ARD). Sand accumulated more rapidly on the surface of the trapezoidal and cylindrical probe geometries than on the surface of the wedge probe geometry. Probe calibrations following sand fouling were performed in an ambient temperature, open air, calibration jet at Mach 0.3 and 0.5. Calibration curves using non-dimensional coefficients were used to assess probe error in yaw angle due to sand fouling. Probe error was based on each probe’s ability to accurately measure flow direction over a flow angle range of [−10°, 10°]. On average, the probes displayed greater error at Mach 0.5 than Mach 0.3. The wedge probe performed the best after sand fouling and displayed a maximum error of less than ±2° in yaw angle. In contrast, the cylindrical probe performed the worst after sand fouling and displayed maximum errors of more than ±8° in yaw angle. Transient response did not change notably with sand fouling.

Ultrasonic Inspection Technique for Inside Pressurized Pipe Elbows

Elbows in pressure pipes are important parts in the pipe inspection, which may become serious corrosion locations. Ultrasonic detection is a main technique for pipe inner inspection, and the use of traditional ultrasound and phased array technique for in-line inspection are advanced, long-term interesting and known by researchers. Several devices were invented for inside pipeline inspection and is suitable to some extent such as detecting long-distance pipelines. However, elbows especially tight elbows are still difficult to implement inner detection or travelling. To obtain a good effect in detecting elbows with ultrasound, the inner inspection technique was investigated. Spherical and flat cylindrical probe holder structures were proposed to ensure the ability to pass through elbows, while the spherical holder has a large number of conventional probes in its shell with a uniform arrangement and was designed to give a full view for ultrasonic detecting. As regards the flat cylindrical probe structures, it is more suitable for phased array ultrasonic technique to form a convex array. Both methods were proposed for better echo directions and amplitudes, and aimed to obtain the information of elbow characteristics. CIVA simulation was conducted based on the above design, and the focal effects were analyzed. Comparing with detecting precision and manufacture process, the phased array technique with flat cylindrical probe holder was chosen, and its device manufacturing and elbow inspection experiments were carried out. CIVA simulation was also used to analyze the influence of array and element parameters on the echo detection, and the design parameters were determined about the convex phased array. The experimental elbow was designed and manufactured with specific artificial defects. The ultrasonic system was taken by a robot to travel through the elbow, and the experimental data were used to verify the applicability of the ultrasonic inspection technique.