Vaksin Covid-19: Perdebatan, Persepsi dan Pilihan

The current Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects as well as the welfare of the Indonesian people. Therefore, effective fast steps are needed to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. One way to prevent transmission of this virus is through vaccination efforts. While the existing literature focuses more on State policies, public responses related to the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, as well as hoax news related to vaccines, the related literature on vaccines and the choice of vaccine if any is still very limited, this article fills that gap. This qualitative research was carried out in Makassar, considering that Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities and many of its people has been vaccinated through Covid-19 vaccination programs. Data was collected using in-depth interview. Informants who participated in this study were people who had and had not carried out the Covid-19 vaccination. With a total of twenty-five people, they vary on the basis of age (between 18 and 29 years), sex (18 women and 7 men), and employment status (ten of them are students, employees, online shop owners, editors, musicians, painters, work odd jobs, and labor). The results show that the emergence of the Covid-19 vaccine has become the subject of public debate, many agreed and not a few refused to be vaccinated. This debate is due to differences in perceptions regarding the definition of the Covid-19 vaccine and the benefits of the vaccine itself. In terms of what type of vacciness they are used, there are three types of vaccines that are popularly used by our participants in this study, namely Sinovac, Astra Zeneca, and Moderna. Apart from the debate about the level of efficacy of each vaccine, the choice of vaccine is related to the level of efficacy, side effects and availability of the vaccine itself. It is argued in this article that whatever the effect of a particular vaccine, as long as the side effect is balanced by its efficacy, then the effect is not an issue.

Plagiarism as a Culturally-Motivated Crime

The article discusses the possibility of classifying plagiarism as a culturally motivated crime. Creating works, especially written works, is strongly related to culture as well as to knowledge and skills acquired during education. Therefore, plagiarism can be perceived as a culturally-conditioned act, and, thus, differently perceived depending upon the culture with which the artist identifies themselves. The author juxtapose two legal orders, namely of countries where plagiarism is a crime and those where the failure to mark the authorship of a work results from the customs prevailing in their culture, i.e. societies influenced by Confucian philosophy. The research goal is to raise the hypothesis and determine whether the perpetrator of culturally motivated plagiarism can use one of the tools indicated in criminal law, the so-called cultural defense.

Anthropologists as Experts: Cultural Expertise, Colonialism, and Positionality

This article addresses the positionality of anthropologists and the impact of anthropological theories in cultural expertise with the help of three case studies that highlight the engagement of anthropologists with law and governance during colonialism and in the wake of it: a well-known case of witchcraft in Kenya, Volkekunde theories in Africa, and the Rwandan genocide. The article starts with a short genesis of the concept of cultural expertise and its cognate concepts of culturally motivated crimes and cultural defense, to introduce the main question of this article: What can we learn from the use of cultural expertise in the colonial past? Today, as much as in the colonial past, anthropologists have been torn between action and abstention. The article’s three case studies show that neither action nor abstention is free from ethical responsibility. This article argues that the concept of procedural neutrality and its reformulation in the form of critical affirmation help anthropologists to carve out an independent role for themselves in the legal process. Procedural neutrality and its reformulation as critical affirmation make it possible to comply with the ethics and deontologies of the disciplines across which anthropologists operate when providing cultural expertise.

Czy miesięcznice smoleńskie były uroczystościami religijnymi? Prawo a polska kultura religijna

Na przykładzie konfliktów wokół Miesięcznic Smoleńskich z 2017 r. Autor omawia problem uwzględniania w sprawach toczonych z art. 196 Kodeksu karnego (dot. obrazy uczuć religijnych) tradycji polskiej kultury religijnej. Stosując jako analogię zasadę „obrony z kultury” (cultural defense) Autor przywołuje historyczne korzenie polskiej tradycyjnej religijności, której główne cechy ukształtowały się w dobie baroku (sarmatyzmu). Jedną z najważniejszych cech tej religijności jest ścisłe połączenie sfery religii i polityki. Brak państwowości w okresie zaborów i PRL wzmocnił, podobnie jak w kulturze diasporalnego judaizmu, związek między religią i pozareligijnymi dziedzinami życia. Autor sugeruje rozważenie czynnika kulturowego podczas analizowania spraw o obrazę uczuć religijnych, które współcześnie rodzą się z powodu kurczenia się dominującego charakteru tego typu kultury. Zderzenie się jej z liberalnym i lewicowym dziedzictwem oświecenia (które determinuje współczesną kulturę prawną Polski) doprowadza do licznych konfliktów, które polegają na narastaniu różnic w zakresie wrażliwości symbolicznej i postrzegania fundamentów aksjologicznych Państwa. Różnice te ilustruje Preambuła do obecnej Konstytucji.

CRIMES CULTURALMENTE MOTIVADOS E O CONFLITO ENTRE O CULTURAL DEFENSE E OS DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS DAS MULHERES

O presente artigo tem o escopo de analisar, no âmbito dos crimes culturalmente motivados, o conflito existente entre o reconhecimento do fator cultural como atenuante penal frente à possível violação de direitos fundamentais das mulheres. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida pelo método dedutivo, com abordagem qualitativa por meio de revisão bibliográfica. Constatou-se que muitas práticas culturais tendem a perpetuar códigos de honra e de moral que representam o controle da vida e da sexualidade das mulheres, sendo fundamental o desenvolvimento de uma ética plural que garante o reconhecimento das práticas culturais, mas apresenta limites nos patamares universais dos direitos fundamentais.

Pemanfaatan Batu Sungai Masuppu Kecamatan Masanda Dalam Campuran AC-WC

Highway is part of the Science of Civil Engineering and always develops over time. In increasing the provision of land transportation, roads are important infrastructure that must be considered in development. The availability of adequate road infrastructure will have a positive impact on the development of community activities from the economic, political, social, cultural, defense and security aspects of the country.This research was intended to utilize Masuppu River Stones in Masanda Subdistrict as a mixture of AC-WC. The methodoIogy in this research is to conduct a series of tests for the characteristics of coarse, fine, and fiIIer aggregates, then design the composition of the Laston AC-WC mixture and the Marshall test to obtain the characteristics of the mixture and the MarshaII immersion test to obtain the immersion index (IP) / residuaI strength index (IKS) / durabiIity of the mixture with optimum asphaIt content. The results of research carried out at the Laboratory of Engineering and AspaI Functions of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering, Christian University of Indonesia, PauIus Makassar, show that the characteristics of the pavement material in the form of Masuppu River rock, Masanda District, meet the specifications as a road pavement coating material.

Music and Resistance. Cultural Defense During the German Occupation of Norway 1940-45

The role of music during the German occupation of Norway (1940-45) proves to be an exceptional case for cultural opposition in a dictatorship. Few famous musicians, some local celebrities and innumerous hardly known activists preferred artistic instead of militant means to demonstrate reluctance, spread information, contradict the legitimacy of the German occupants and raise the moral strength of fellow countrymen in Norway and abroad, while risking to be caught, incarcerated and driven into exile. The indispensable advantage was the popular belief of art as an apolitical matter so that music even could reach into fields that would have been inaccessible to open political agitation. Based on considerable findings in public archives and private collections, this book discusses music in concentration camps in Norway and the fate of Jewish musicians, portrays choirs, military ensembles, orchestral and church music in Norway, analyzes Harald Sæverud’s 5th symphony and Moses Pergament’s choir symphony Den Judiska Sången, illustrates the exile of musicians in Stockholm and discusses resistance music in historic media such as the Errol Flynn-movie Edge of Darkness (1943), recapitulated by a model for music as resistance.