La evolución de los estudios y la práctica del desarrollo (s), la sostenibilidad y la Agenda 2030: cambio de perspectiva en el Antropoceno

Este texto de presentación de la sección temática de la revista dedicada al desarrollo sostenible, la Agenda 2030 y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible presta atención a las tendencias de fondo que llevan a los cambios que los diversos artículos elegidos para su publicación, previa aprobación de la revisión por pares con el tradicional sistema doble ciego, explican entre la agenda 2000 a 2015, Objetivos del Milenio, y de 2015 a 2030, Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, ODS. Es decir, no se centra en esos cambios, bien descritos en muchos textos posteriores ni en el impacto de la pandemia en la implementación en curso. He escogido, por el contrario, recordar las dos fuerzas motrices que entre 1970 y mediados de los años noventa conforman los cambios en la concepción del desarrollo, la economía del bienestar y los enfoques basados en Amartya Sen que están tras la idea de desarrollo humano y el primer informe con tal título del PNUD (1990) y la larga evolución de la conciencia medioambiental desde 1972, Conferencia de Estocolmo, a la de Rio de Janeiro (1992) y la de Río + 20 (2012), crucial para los ODS y la Agenda 2030. Y lo hace tomando como punto de mira el cambio de mira que en temas de desarrollo y medio ambiente se ha producido en los cincuenta años que separan la reunión de Estocolmo con el presente: la conciencia de que estamos en una época que puede marcar, según que decidamos, el futuro de la humanidad y del planeta y muchas de las especies que lo habitan, el antropoceno

Rural Development in Romania – A Few Considerations

The ‘Agenda 2000’ introduces the Rural Development Policy, as part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), as a complex policy that can ensure a stable income and a reasonable standard of living for the rural population. Rural development is a major CAP objective since over 50% of the population lives in rural areas and accounts for 80% of E.U. Territories. As a concept, the ‘rural area’ is defined both at a national and European level following specific criteria; however, these criteria differ from one country to another. A complete definition can be found in the European Charter of Rural Areas. Between 2014-2020, the development of rural areas in Romania is supported by the National Rural Development Program. It provides non-reimbursable funds from the European Union and funding from the Government of Romania. Convergence with the Europe 2020 Strategy is ensured through the Partnership Agreement with the European Union, which covers a number of challenges and thematic objectives. In order to achieve them, well-founded investment programs are needed. These programs must have a direct impact on increasing the living standards of the population residing within rural areas. Over 19 billion euros were allocated to Romania for the 2014-2020 period; these funds were used for agricultural policy and rural development. The total budget of the NRDP (2014-2020) is 9.4 billion euros, of which 1.3 billion euros comes from national funding. We believe the achievements recorded in rural areas, up to 2020, are modest and do not reflect the proposed objectives. Thus, projects were drawn up at national and local levels seldom support rural development and do not reflect development needs; sadly, these projects are often drawn up without focusing on efficiency.

Agriculture historical steps towards Sustainable Precision Agriculture

The term precision agriculture were introduced into scientific literature by Jhon Schueller in the 1991 Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) in Chicago: “the continuous advantages in automation hardware and software technology have made possible what is variously knows as spatially-variable, or site specific crop production”. The concept of sustainable development was introduced in 1987 in the Bruntland Report and the term “sustainable agriculture” was defined in the 5th European Environmental action programme: Towards sustainability. In Agenda 2000, 5 main objectives founded Common Agricultura Policies toward 2020: competitiveness; food safety and quality; farmers’ wellness and proper income; environmental respect; new jobs opportunities for farmers’ communities

Principio de Subsidiariedad en los programas europeos de desarrollo rural: LEADER después de la Agenda 2000 en Castilla-La Mancha

LEADER, más allá de ser un programa de desarrollo rural, simboliza un cambio de paradigma en la gobernanza territorial de los espacios rurales. Esta metodología irrumpió en los años 90 en sintonía con las corrientes de desarrollo local y modernizaría los modelos de intervención pública. A pesar del potencial que supone, se han observado ciertas deficiencias en su aplicación. Los objetivos de este artículo son proporcionar una evaluación operativa de los programas europeos de desarrollo rural basados en la metodología LEADER y explorar los niveles de gestión de los programas. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas a gerentes de Grupos de Acción Local (GAL) tomando como estudio de caso la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha. Las restricciones normativas contrarias al principio de subsidiariedad, las características socioculturales de la población local, los localismos, la integración de las políticas con los sectores estratégicos o la falta de identidad territorial se identificaron como las principales debilidades en el diseño y aplicación de los programas con enfoque LEADER.

Assessing the Global Development Agenda (Goal 1) in Uganda: The Progress Made and the Challenges that Persist

The international development agenda (2000-2015) that was hailed in Uganda was unsuccessful and powerless in elevating individuals and groups to a place of comfort through the achievement of the MDGs. Hence, according to a survey of the Directorate of Social Protection in 2012, 67% of citizens of Uganda are either highly vulnerable to remaining in poverty or being poor. This study therefore assesses the gains of the global development agenda (2000 – 2015) in Uganda. The study relies heavily on review papers, secondary dataset and material, and quasi-quantitative method in analyzing the research aim. Results show that ambiguous and unrealistic targets of the MDGs did not take into cognizance the structures, institutions, and interaction of systems and governance issues in Uganda. Despite these, the gains were also shortchanged as a result of drought, flood, and high prices of commodities, due to low farm production in most (rural) areas in Uganda. In addition to the drought and the negative effects of climate change, other challenges include deficient access to markets and market place, lack of motorized and non-motorized load-carrying wheel vehicles, lack of capacity and infrastructure, lack of mechanized farming implements, and the lack of access to credit reduced the potency of the achievement of most of its goals. However, significant strides were attempted and the country was able to achieve several targets, which are worth celebrating. The study contends that the realization of the SDGs will only be wishful thinking, if challenges of rural poverty, governance and institution are not put in check. Shared progress and prosperity as acclaimed by the World Bank will never be visible in Uganda.

Eine kontinuierliche Arbeitskräfteerhebung für die Europäische Union

Statistiken zu Arbeitsmarkt und Beschäftigung sind im Hinblick auf mittelfristige Programme wie NAP, Agenda 2000 usw. von ebenso großer wie offenkundiger Bedeutung. Die jährliche Arbeitskräfte-Erhebung (AKE) ist in Österreich mit der EU-Mitgliedschaft 1995obligatorisch geworden, sie ist aber immer wieder inhaltlichen, z.T. auch methodischen Änderungen unterworfen. Durch Ratsverordnung (VO) vorgeschrieben, müssen die Erhebungen von den nationalen statistischen Ämtern durchgeführt werden. 1998 liegt dem Rat abermals eine neue Fassung der VO vor, die voraussichtlich für Erhebungen ab demBerichtsjahr 1998 Geltung haben wird. Diese - gravierende - Novellierung betrifft neben einigen inhaltlichen Revisionen v.a. die Einführung einer „kontinuierlichen“ Erhebung. Für Mitgliedstaaten, denen diese Änderung aus organisatorischen Gründen nicht (sofort) möglich ist, besteht aber weiterhin die Option, bei der bisherigen einmaligen Erhebung pro Jahr zu bleiben (dazu zählt auch Österreich).

19. Agriculture

This chapter examines the European Union’s policy on agriculture. The importance that the EU has given to the agricultural sector can be attributed in large part to food shortages at the end of the Second World War. Governments agreed that it was important to ensure adequate supplies of food at reasonable prices. To achieve this, it was necessary to provide an adequate income to farmers, while taking measures to increase their productivity. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was the first redistributive policy of the European Community, and for many years the only one. The chapter first provides a historical background on European agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s before discussing the Agenda 2000 budget negotiations and the 2003 reform of the CAP. It also explores the cumulative effect on the CAP of the reform process that started in 1992.