PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP ADANYA SANGSI ADAT ( Studi Kasus di Desa Pinang Merah Kecamatan Pamenang Barat Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi )

Customary law is a rule of human behavior in everyday life, always respected and respected because it has legal consequences or sanctions for violations that have been committed. However, the facts in the field show that many customary violations occur every year. The most common violation is kawin lari. The purpose of this research is to find out why the kawin lari customary violation is increasing in Pinang Merah Village and to find out whether the implementation of customary sanctions for kawin lari is in accordance with the customary rules that apply in Pinang Merah Village and to find out how the community's perception of the traditional kawin lari sanction in Pinang Village. Red. This research uses a case study approach with descriptive qualitative research methods. The collection technique uses observation, interview and documentation. The informants in this study amounted to 5 (five) people with the informant selection technique using purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques in this study were data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. Techniques for ensuring the validity of data Credibility, Transferability, Dependability and Comfirmability. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that the increase in violations of the kawin lari custom was due to the lack of parental supervision and guidance towards children. Children are not well controlled, which results in children engaging in promiscuity. Elopement is one of the consequences of promiscuity. For the implementation of customary sanctions, it was found that the implementation of the traditional kawin lari sanction in Pinang Merah Village has not been implemented properly. Because there are still many violations of the kawin lari custom. Meanwhile, the community's perception of the kawin lari customary sanction is that it is a rule that must be obeyed by the community. sanctions are a hereditary inheritance from their ancient ancestors and are still used today. However, in reality, the customary sanction of kawin lari has not been implemented properly because there is still selective cutting or favoritism between the community. The suggestion in this research is that the community should obey the village customary rules that apply in Pinang Merah Village by paying customary sanctions given by the customary institution as a sign of having done something wrong. Customary institutions in order to provide understanding to the community to follow the customary rules of Pianang Merah Village, in order to reduce violations of customary sanctions.

Changing Prisons to Help People Change

It is important to consider the conditions of prison life in understanding how individuals rejoin society at the conclusion of their sentence. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based approach that promotes new ways of thinking and behaving for both incarcerated persons and correctional staff that will better prepare returning citizens to be valuable community members. We consider that “since criminal behavior is driven partly by certain thinking patterns that predispose individuals to commit crimes or engage in illegal activities, the widespread implementation of CBT [and immersive cognitive communities] as part of correctional programming could lead to fewer re-arrests and lower likelihood of reincarceration.” This article includes short, intermediate, and long-term policy and practice recommendations to begin implementing this model, beginning with funding to support the implementation of Cognitive Communities, re-branding prisons to focus on rehabilitation, and finally making the reduction of prison-sentencing through shorter prison terms and more reliance on community sanctions a long-term policy goal in the U.S.

Community sanctions in youth justice compared to other youth crime responses: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis examines the official recidivism effects of two types of community sanctions in youth justice, namely community service and behavioural intervention programmes. Two analyses were conducted: a comparison between the effects of community sanctions and custodial sanctions, versus a comparison between the effects of community sanctions and dismissals. Following a systematic literature search, data extraction and analysis, mean effect sizes were calculated utilizing (log) odds ratio as the main effect measure. To explore heterogeneity, a meta-regression was conducted with four moderator variables: methodological rigour, referral stage, main focus of sanction and sample risk level. The hypotheses were that recidivism would be significantly lower for delinquent youth subject to community sanctions compared with those subject to custodial sanctions, but that differences in recidivism between delinquent youth subject to community sanctions versus dismissals would be insignificant. In total, 23 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion ( Ncust = 7, Ndism = 16). Final results were in favour of the hypotheses, namely, significantly lower recidivism rates for community sanctions compared with custodial sanctions, and no significant differences for community sanctions compared with dismissals. For both comparisons, the 95% confidence interval indicated the effects varied from just below zero to substantially in favour of community sanctions. Finally, moderator analysis revealed that studies of lower methodological quality and mixed referral stages were more likely to report larger effect sizes.

Examining the Type of Legal Representation and Its Influence on Disaggregated Dispositions in Juvenile Court

While prior studies of juvenile court outcomes have examined the impact of legal representation on out-of-home placement versus community sanctions, previous research has not fully explored the variation within sanctions that youth receive. The current study examines the influence of type of legal representation (public defender or private attorney) when predicting juvenile adjudications and dispositions. Using a sample of delinquent referrals from a Northeast state between 2009 and 2014, results showed that youth do receive different outcomes (e.g., probation, drug and alcohol treatment, accountability-oriented dispositions, etc.) based on the type of legal representation. The findings have important implications for juvenile court processing related to how courtroom actors impact case outcomes.

Community sanctions: Offenders’ perceptions about their appropriateness

This study analyzed offenders’ perceptions about distinct sanctions and their adequacy for different crimes, checking if these ideas apply to their crime. We covered a total of 163 adult offenders who were sanctioned with a non-custodial order. The results show that participants tended to express a punitive attitude toward crime, apart from their offenses. Participants who committed driving or drug trafficking offenses were those that revealed congruence regarding the adequacy of the sentence and the usefulness of the sanction imposed. Regarding sentences’ purposes, we noticed most participants considered punishment and general deterrence as the primary purposes. The main contribution of this study lies in its educational value about the cognitive particularities and specific needs of each type of offender. Not attending to offenders’ perceptions regarding sanctions may function as an obstacle for an efficient implementation of the Justice, in terms of their adherence to the sanctions, and consequently their rehabilitation.

Implementation of Alternative Sentences in the International Standards of the 21st Century

The article analyzes the provisions of international standards, namely the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers on the Council of Europe Probation Rules of 2010 and the European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures of 2017. The author examines the problems of differentiation and individualization of sentences and analyzes the provisions of international standards on nondiscrimination in the implementation of sanctions. Many factors of non-discrimination that are new to international standards (physical disabilities, ethnic origin, sexual orientation) can cause disputes in terms of the applicability of alternative sentences. Discussing the offender’s “consent” and the prospects for its use, taking into account the right of such an offender to appeal against the decisions and actions of probation officers, the author focuses on the activities of the implementation bodies, including work with victims, prevention of relapse, restorative justice, which is preferred nowadays in the foreign studies, and work with the convict’s family to develop a classification of powers depending on the action and scope of assistance to the offender. Having analyzed the positive and negative legal consequences of the convict’s non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the duties or conditions imposed by the competent authority, the author argues that the regulation of a conflict is possible in three ways: by sorting it out urgently at one’s own discretion, through administrative proceedings and in court, with the choice depending on the type of violation. The key aspect of alternative sentences is the effectiveness of their implementation. The article provides a list of such criteria, of which the relapse rate is considered an important one, and discusses the main problems of the “community” sanctions and measures faced by the implementation bodies. It is stated that the development of international standards of alternative sanctions has elaborated the procedure for their implementation, both by complementing the previously existing provisions and by including new ones.

The penal narratives of community sentence and the role of probation: The case of the Wrocław model of community service

This article draws on Robinson, McNeill and Maruna’s argument about the adaptability of community sanctions and measures, observed through four distinctive penal narratives, in order to shed light on the regional development of community service in Wrocław, Poland. While the managerial adaptation of community sanctions is underpinned by an inter-agency cooperation to fulfil the goals of the system, the contemporary rehabilitation iteration has become a toolkit of measures predominantly phrased around risk management, the reparative discourse seeks various means to repair harm and the punitive orientation represents the turn to desert-based and populist sentencing frameworks. In this article, the first three are reflected upon along with the emerging, restorative adaptation of community sanctions. The last one is added to expand on the findings of this author’s previous research, which suggests the viability of the restorative orientation for community service in Poland. A brief discussion of how punishment, probation and restorative justice can be reconciled is followed by the introduction of Polish probation and the role of probation officers in delivering community service in Poland. Although the penal narratives are visible in the Wrocław model to different degrees and in various combinations, more research is required to evaluate the viability of a progressive orientation to punishment during a gradual optimisation of community orders.

Hidden in plain sight: Architectures of community corrections as public secret

Public secrets are the information the public chooses to keep from itself. Architecture is required to both house and operate these secrets. Community sanctions are arguably a public secret. This study analyses the most visible aspects of community sanctions, probation and parole offices, to understand whether and how their architectural features help keep the system hidden. By analysing photographs of such offices, I argue that not only do the building features help maintain community corrections as a public secret, but they also keep the systems secret from the public. I also argue that keeping the offices intentionally obscured may also impact how those under supervision are viewed by the general public.