Clostridium cellulovorans Proteomic Responses to Butanol Stress

Combination of butanol-hyperproducing and hypertolerant phenotypes is essential for developing microbial strains suitable for industrial production of bio-butanol, one of the most promising liquid biofuels. Clostridium cellulovorans is among the microbial strains with the highest potential for direct production of n-butanol from lignocellulosic wastes, a process that would significantly reduce the cost of bio-butanol. However, butanol exhibits higher toxicity compared to ethanol and C. cellulovorans tolerance to this solvent is low. In the present investigation, comparative gel-free proteomics was used to study the response of C. cellulovorans to butanol challenge and understand the tolerance mechanisms activated in this condition. Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical fragment ion spectra Mass Spectrometry (SWATH-MS) analysis allowed identification and quantification of differentially expressed soluble proteins. The study data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD024183. The most important response concerned modulation of protein biosynthesis, folding and degradation. Coherent with previous studies on other bacteria, several heat shock proteins (HSPs), involved in protein quality control, were up-regulated such as the chaperones GroES (Cpn10), Hsp90, and DnaJ. Globally, our data indicate that protein biosynthesis is reduced, likely not to overload HSPs. Several additional metabolic adaptations were triggered by butanol exposure such as the up-regulation of V- and F-type ATPases (involved in ATP synthesis/generation of proton motive force), enzymes involved in amino acid (e.g., arginine, lysine, methionine, and branched chain amino acids) biosynthesis and proteins involved in cell envelope re-arrangement (e.g., the products of Clocel_4136, Clocel_4137, Clocel_4144, Clocel_4162 and Clocel_4352, involved in the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids) and a redistribution of carbon flux through fermentative pathways (acetate and formate yields were increased and decreased, respectively). Based on these experimental findings, several potential gene targets for metabolic engineering strategies aimed at improving butanol tolerance in C. cellulovorans are suggested. This includes overexpression of HSPs (e.g., GroES, Hsp90, DnaJ, ClpC), RNA chaperone Hfq, V- and F-type ATPases and a number of genes whose function in C. cellulovorans is currently unknown.

Control of n-Butanol Induced Lipidome Adaptations in E. coli

The versatile compound n-butanol is one of the most promising biofuels for use in existing internal combustion engines, contributing to a smooth transition towards a clean energy society. Furthermore, n-butanol is a valuable resource to produce more complex molecules such as bioplastics. Microbial production of n-butanol from waste materials is hampered by the biotoxicity of n-butanol as it interferes with the proper functioning of lipid membranes. In this study we perform a large-scale investigation of the complete lipid-related enzyme machinery and its response to exposure to a sublethal concentration of n-butanol. We profiled, in triplicate, the growth characteristics and phospholipidomes of 116 different genetic constructs of E. coli, both in the presence and absence of 0.5% n-butanol (v/v). This led to the identification of 230 lipid species and subsequently to the reconstruction of the network of metabolites, enzymes and lipid properties driving the homeostasis of the E. coli lipidome. We were able to identify key lipids and biochemical pathways leading to altered n-butanol tolerance. The data led to new conceptual insights into the bacterial lipid metabolism which are discussed.

Butanol Tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Transcriptome Study

Biobutanol is a promising alternative fuel with impaired microbial production thanks to its toxicity. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is among the few bacterial species that can naturally tolerate 3% (v/v) butanol. This study aims to identify the genetic factors involved in the butanol stress response of L. plantarum by comparing the differential gene expression in two strains with very different butanol tolerance: the highly resistant Ym1, and the relatively sensitive 8-1. During butanol stress, a total of 319 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in Ym1, and 516 in 8-1. Fifty genes were upregulated and 54 were downregulated in both strains, revealing the common species-specific effects of butanol stress: upregulation of multidrug efflux transporters (SMR, MSF), toxin-antitoxin system, transcriptional regulators (TetR/AcrR, Crp/Fnr, and DeoR/GlpR), Hsp20, and genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Strong inhibition of the pyrimidine biosynthesis occurred in both strains. However, the strains differed greatly in DEGs responsible for the membrane transport, tryptophan synthesis, glycerol metabolism, tRNAs, and some important transcriptional regulators (Spx, LacI). Uniquely upregulated in the butanol-resistant strain Ym1 were the genes encoding GntR, GroEL, GroES, and foldase PrsA. The phosphoenolpyruvate flux and the phosphotransferase system (PTS) also appear to be major factors in butanol tolerance.

Effects of Carbon Ion Beam Irradiation on Butanol Tolerance and Production of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Clostridium acetobutylicum (C. acetobutylicum) has considerable potential for use in bioenergy development. Owing to the repeated use of traditional mutagenesis methods, the strains have developed a certain tolerance. The rheology of the bioprocess and the downstream processing of the product heavily depend on the ability of C. acetobutylicum mutants to produce butanol. Carbon ion beam irradiation has advantages over traditional mutation methods for fermentative production because of its dose conformity and superb biological effectiveness. However, its effects on the specific productivity of the strains have not been clearly understood. In this study, we screened five mutants through carbon ion beam irradiation; mutant Y217 achieved a butanol-production level of 13.67 g/L, exceeding that of wild-type strain ATCC 824 (i.e., 9.77 g/L). In addition, we found that the mutant maintained normal cell membrane integrity under the stimulation of 15 g/L butanol, whereas the intracellular macromolecules of wild-type strain ATCC 824 leaked significantly. Subsequently, we used the response surface methodology (RSM) to determine if the mutant cell membrane integrity improved the butanol tolerance. We verified that with the addition of butanol, the mutant could be fermented to produce 8.35 g/L butanol, and the final butanol concentration in the fermentation broth could reach 16.15 g/L. In this study, we proved that under butanol stress, mutant Y217 features excellent butanol production and tolerance and cell membrane integrity and permeability; no prior studies have attempted to do so. This will serve as an interesting and important illustration of the complexity of genetic control of the irradiation mutation of C. acetobutylicum strains. It may also prove to be useful in the bioengineering of strains of the mutant for use in the predevelopment stage.

Clostridium acetobutylicum bacterial membrane responses to carbon ion beam irradiation perturbations

Background Clostridium acetobutylicum is an important strain during acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. However, butanol has toxic effects on cells, limiting the application of ABE fermentation. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms through which Clostridium adapts to butanol stress to facilitate the industrial utilization of Clostridium. Results First, using cell morphology, cell membrane permeability and membrane potential, cell surface hydrophobicity, and cell membrane fatty acid composition analyses in wild-type (ATCC 824) and butanol-tolerant (Y217) strains under butanol stress, we explored the responses in the cell membrane to evaluate the damage caused by butanol poisoning. After 2.0% (v/v) butanol treatment, the extracellular conductivity of ATCC 824 increased, intracellular proteins and nucleotides were released in large quantities, the fluorescein diacetate staining rate decreased, the membrane potential decreased, and the cell membrane permeability increased. Under butanol shock, the cell surface of Y217 cells remained intact, and its butanol tolerance mechanism increased the integrity of cell membrane and reduced leakage of cell contents caused by changed in cell membrane permeability, thereby preventing butanol damage to the cell membrane. When stimulated with butanol, Y217 cells showed reduced surface hydrophobicity, thereby improving cellular tolerance to butanol. A comparison of differences in fatty acid compositions between ATCC 824 and Y217 cell membranes under butanol stress further demonstrated that maintenance of the normal physiological characteristics of cell membranes played important roles in resisting the impact of organic solvents. Conclusions Our findings clarified the changes in physiological and biochemical characteristics of the mutant Y217 cell membrane stimulated with butanol to enhance its tolerance. These results may provide important theoretical guidance for further accelerating the acquisition of bacteria with high butanol tolerance and promoting butanol production. Moreover, our study provided a scientific basis for improving the industrial and environmental adaptability of Clostridium.