THE SAFETY OF SHIP BERTHING OPERATIONS AT PORT DOCK – A GAP ASSESSMENT MODEL BASED ON FUZZY AHP

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the safety of ship berthing operations at port dock. Based on the features of ship’s berthing operations and the relevant literature, the safety factors (SFs) of ship berthing at port docks are first investigated. A gap assessment model based on Fuzzy AHP is then proposed to assess the perceived differences on those SFs between port marine pilots and shipmasters. Finally, the ships’ berthing operations at Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan were employed to illustrate the model’s practical application. The result may provide practical information for both marine pilots and shipmasters to improve the safety performance of ship berthing operations at port docks.

CFD Simulation of the Safety of Unmanned Ship Berthing under the Influence of Various Factors

The safety of unmanned ship berthing is of paramount importance. In order to explore the influence of wind and wave coupling, a berthing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established, and the characteristics of speed field, pressure field, and vortex have been obtained under different speed, wind direction, and the quay wall distances. The results show that the total resistance of the hull against the current can be about 1.60 times higher compared to the downstream resistance, water flow resistance is the dominant factor, accounting for more than 80% of the total resistance. When changing the distance between ship and shore at fixed speed, the results found that the torque is small, but the growth rate is very large when driving below 2 m/s, and the torque growth rate is stable above 2 m/s. Based on the established coupling model, a multi-factor berthing safety study is carried out on an actual unmanned ship. The results show that when the speed increases from 4 m/s to 12 m/s, the curve slope is small, the resistance increases from 3666 N to 18,056 N, and the rear slope increases. The pressure increases with the speed, and when the speed is 24 m/s, the maximum pressure is up to 238,869 Pa. When the wind speed is fixed, the vertical force of the unmanned ship increases first and then decreases to zero and then reverses the same law change, and the maximum resistance is about 425 N at the wind angle of about 45 degrees; At 90 degrees, the maximum lateral force on an unmanned boat is about 638 N. The above results can provide control strategy for unmanned ship berthing safety, and provide theoretical basis for unmanned ship route planning and obstacle avoidance, safety design, etc.

Ship Berthing Information Extraction System Using Three-Dimensional Light Detection and Ranging Data

Safe and efficient berthing is essential to ensure maritime transportation and the safety of ships and ports. Three-dimensional (3D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can monitor and support ship berthing because it provides abundant target information and offers excellent advantages in measuring accuracy. Hence, a berthing information extraction system has been developed based on 3D LiDAR. Principal component analysis is used to calculate a ship’s heading and the normal vector, and the feature points of the bow and stern are determined. The segments passing through the points are obtained via region growing. The bow and stern are recognized by the similarity of the normal vector of the segments and ship’s heading according to the positions of the ship relative to the berth through visibility analysis. Qualitative and quantitative calculated analyses of the distance, velocity, and approach angle of the dynamic ship’s bow and stern relative to the dock are performed based on the feature points of 3D LiDAR data. A laser scanner, used as the detection unit, efficiently monitored the Ro–Ro ship Ocean Island berthing at Lushun Port in field experiments. On-site applications demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for the recognition of dynamic ship target and ensuring safe ship berthing.

Penerapan Inaportnet dalam Proses Pelayanan Penyandaran Kapal: Studi Kasus

The significance of ports in global trade activities has a significant impact on a city, region, and even a nation. A port with adequate facilities and a superior system will make port activities more effective, neutral, and even simple for its users. Inaportnet is a facility that is currently used by major Indonesian ports, including the port of Tanjung Emas in Semarang. The users of this system include exporters, importers, shipping lines, and others, in addition to port players. PT Global Logistic Agency is one of the user companies that has been using the Inaportnet framework. This study was descriptive research using a structured interview method. This study aims to examine the use of Inaportnet from the side of the organizer represented by PT. Global Logistics Agency. The results showed that the use of Inaportnet played an important role in the implementation of ship berthing services in terms of time efficiency, energy, and demurrage, the Inaportnet system is still found down or system errors are due to maintenance from the management unit so that PT. Global Logistic Agency must carry out conventional or manual implementation.

Optimization of Shore Power Deployment in Green Ports Considering Government Subsidies

Shipping trade and port operations are two of the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The emission of air pollutants brings severe problems to the marine environment and coastal residents’ lives. Shore power technology is an efficient CO2 emission reduction program, but it faces sizeable initial investment and high electricity prices. For shipping companies, energy such as low-sulfur fuels and liquefied natural gas has become an essential supplementary means to meet emission reduction requirements. This research considers the impact of government subsidies on port shore power construction and ship shore power use. It constructs a multi-period dual-objective port shore power deployment optimization model based on minimizing operating costs and minimizing CO2 emissions. Multi-combination subsidy strategies, including unit subsidy rate and subsidy demarcation line, are quantitatively described and measured. The proposed Epsilon constraint method is used to transform and model the dual-objective optimization problem. Numerical experiments verify the effectiveness of the model and the feasibility of the solution method. By carrying out a “cost-environment” Pareto trade-off analysis, a model multi-period change analysis, and a subsidy efficiency analysis, this research compares the decision-making results of port shore power construction, ship berthing shore power use, and ship berthing energy selection. Government subsidy strategy and operation management enlightenment in the optimization of port shore power deployment are discussed.