From the President: A Critical Aspect of Scientific Success: Perseverance

To address the challenges that face us, we cannot just work hard, we must persevere.

Final Targeting Strategy for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 North Survey

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is a dual-hemisphere, near-infrared (NIR), spectroscopic survey with the goal of producing a chemodynamical mapping of the Milky Way. The targeting for APOGEE-2 is complex and has evolved with time. In this paper, we present the updates and additions to the initial targeting strategy for APOGEE-2N presented in Zasowski et al. (2017). These modifications come in two implementation modes: (i) “Ancillary Science Programs” competitively awarded to Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV PIs through proposal calls in 2015 and 2017 for the pursuit of new scientific avenues outside the main survey, and (ii) an effective 1.5 yr expansion of the survey, known as the Bright Time Extension (BTX), made possible through accrued efficiency gains over the first years of the APOGEE-2N project. For the 23 distinct ancillary programs, we provide descriptions of the scientific aims, target selection, and how to identify these targets within the APOGEE-2 sample. The BTX permitted changes to the main survey strategy, the inclusion of new programs in response to scientific discoveries or to exploit major new data sets not available at the outset of the survey design, and expansions of existing programs to enhance their scientific success and reach. After describing the motivations, implementation, and assessment of these programs, we also leave a summary of lessons learned from nearly a decade of APOGEE-1 and APOGEE-2 survey operations. A companion paper, F. Santana et al. (submitted; AAS29036), provides a complementary presentation of targeting modifications relevant to APOGEE-2 operations in the Southern Hemisphere.

Novel approach to observing system simulation experiments improves information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements

The observing system design of multidisciplinary field measurements involves a variety of considerations on logistics, safety, and science objectives. Typically, this is done based on investigator intuition and designs of prior field measurements. However, there is potential for considerable increases in efficiency, safety, and scientific success by integrating numerical simulations in the design process. Here, we present a novel numerical simulation–environmental response function (NS–ERF) approach to observing system simulation experiments that aids surface–atmosphere synthesis at the interface of mesoscale and microscale meteorology. In a case study we demonstrate application of the NS–ERF approach to optimize the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19). During CHEESEHEAD19 pre-field simulation experiments, we considered the placement of 20 eddy covariance flux towers, operations for 72 h of low-altitude flux aircraft measurements, and integration of various remote sensing data products. A 2 h high-resolution large eddy simulation created a cloud-free virtual atmosphere for surface and meteorological conditions characteristic of the field campaign domain and period. To explore two specific design hypotheses we super-sampled this virtual atmosphere as observed by 13 different yet simultaneous observing system designs consisting of virtual ground, airborne, and satellite observations. We then analyzed these virtual observations through ERFs to yield an optimal aircraft flight strategy for augmenting a stratified random flux tower network in combination with satellite retrievals. We demonstrate how the novel NS–ERF approach doubled CHEESEHEAD19's potential to explore energy balance closure and spatial patterning science objectives while substantially simplifying logistics. Owing to its modular extensibility, NS–ERF lends itself to optimizing observing system designs also for natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, industry leak detection, and multi-species applications, among other use cases.

Design and Realization of Recovery System of Chang’e-5 Reentry Spacecraft

On December 17, 2020, the Chang’e-5 reentry spacecraft landed safely and brought back the lunar sample without damage. This paper describes the recovery system that has critically contributed to the scientific success of the Chang’e-5 missions and presents the technical requirements and constraints of the recovery system for the Chang’e-5 reentry spacecraft and discusses the design process of the recovery system, including the system composition, working procedure, and some other key aspects. Finally, the ground cover rejection tests and air drop and flight tests were carried out to confirm the design configuration. The results showed that the Chang’e-5 reentry spacecraft recovery system was designed correctly, and its functions and performances met the design requirements. A breakthrough in the recovery technology of the reentry spacecraft was achieved for Chinese first lunar sample-return mission.

Scientific approaches to ensuring the protectability of developments in the field of baby food

Статья посвящена разработкам института, связанным с охраноспособностью исследований области детского и геродиетического питания. Результаты, подлежащие патентованию, связаны с основными видами научной деятельности: создание адаптированных продуктов для питания детей первого года жизни, создание продуктов для питания детей дошкольного и школьного возраста, продуктов для питания беременных и кормящих женщин, разработки в области продуктов геродиетического питания и биологически активных добавок. За последние 10 лет в области детского, геродиетического питания, а также питания беременных, кормящих, планирующих беременность женщин Научно-исследовательским институтом были запатентованы новые технологии в области детского питания, питания беременных и кормящих женщин, геродиетического питания, и приведено краткое их описание. Проведение патентных исследований свидетельствует об уровне технического развития коллектива и организации в целом, возможностях обеспечения научного успеха в условиях конкуренции. С расширением применения новых информационных технологий уровень патентных исследований возрастает и оказывает все большее влияние на конечные результаты научной деятельности в каждой конкретной области. The article is devoted to the developments of the Institute related to the protection of research in the field of children's and herodietic nutrition. The results subject to patenting are related to the main types of scientific activity: the creation of adapted products for the nutrition of children of the first year of life; the creation of products for the nutrition of preschool and school-age children; products for the nutrition of pregnant and lactating women; developments in the field of herodietic nutrition products and dietary supplements. Over the past 10 years, the Research Institute has patented new technologies in the field of baby food, nutrition of pregnant and lactating women, and nutrition of pregnant and lactating women, and has provided a brief description of them. Patent research shows the level of technical development of the team and the organization as a whole, the possibilities of ensuring scientific success in a competitive environment. With the expansion of the use of new information technologies, the level of patent research increases and has an increasing impact on the final results of scientific activity in each specific field.

Incompatibility and the pessimistic induction: a challenge for selective realism

Two powerful arguments have famously dominated the realism debate in philosophy of science: The No Miracles Argument (NMA) and the Pessimistic Meta-Induction (PMI). A standard response to the PMI is selective scientific realism (SSR), wherein only the working posits of a theory are considered worthy of doxastic commitment. Building on the recent debate over the NMA and the connections between the NMA and the PMI, I here consider a stronger inductive argument that poses a direct challenge for SSR: Because it is sometimes exactly the working posits which contradict each other, i.e., that which is directly responsible for empirical success, SSR cannot deliver a general explanation of scientific success.

Tone (Technology Coverage)

The variable tone measures the overall impression of the technology covered in a unit of analysis (e.g. newspaper article). The variable addresses the question whether the overall interpretation of a technology within a media item is rather positive, neutral or negative. In the case of technology, the variable tone is in part related to risk and benefits portrayed in the news media coverage (e.g. Nisbet & Lewenstein 2002). Field of application/theoretical foundation: The tone of news media coverage is analyzed in various domains to understand how actors, topics or current issues are evaluated in the media coverage. The tone reflects how journalists interpret issues, such as a technology or technological developments. It is assumed that the tone of the news media coverage is particularly relevant regarding the recipients’ interpretation of issues or actors in question. Example studies: Lemańczyk (2012); Kojo & Innola (2017) Information on Lemańczyk, 2012 Authors: Szczepan Lemańczyk Research question/research interest: Frames, themes and tone used in the Polish coverage of nanotechnology Object of analysis: the two largest Polish national broadsheets (elite newspapers): Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita Time frame of analysis: 2004-2009 Information on Kojo & Innola, 2017 Authors: Matti Kojo, Eeva Innola Research question/research interest: How is CCS handled and framed in the Finnish media and to what extent? Object of analysis: 10 Finnish newspapers Timeframe of analysis: 1996-2015 Information about variable Authors Variable name/definition Level of analysis Values Scale level Reliability Lemańczyk (2012) general tone article Positive Neutral Negative nominal N/A Kojo & Innola (2017) tone article Positive Negative Neutral mixed nominal N/A References Lemańczyk, Szczepan (2012): Between National Pride and the Scientific Success of “Others”: The Case of Polish Press Coverage of Nanotechnology, 2004-2009. In: Nanoethics 6(2), 101-115. Kojo, Matti; Innola, Eeva (2017): Carbon Capture and Storage in the Finnish Print Media. In: Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 8(2), 113-146.

The Perception of Research Integrity and Ethical Training in the Academic Community

The article presents academics’ perceptions on research integrity and teaching integrity and ethics. The empirical basis of the article is a qualitative analysis of data based on open questions from two online surveys conducted among scientists, academic teachers and students. We point out two ways of defining scientific integrity: (1) as a common challenge for the academic community arising from the relationship between science and society; (2) as an individual choice and one’s capital in achieving scientific success. We describe the respondents’ views on the process of teaching integrity and ethics, rooted in a values-based approach to integrity. In this approach, teaching is open to the use of dialogical methods and takes into account the relative nature of the subjects being taught – research integrity and ethics. In our analyses, we focus on a positive approach to research integrity and show that it has great potential to raise the awareness of the scientific community about the principal values in science.