Çin’in Güneybatı Sınırında Yapılan Uluslararası Evliliklerdeki “Vietnamlı Kadın” Üzerine Bir İnceleme

With the policy of Reform and Opening and the rapid development of the socio-economic level, China has transformed from a migrant-sending country to an immigrant-receiving country. In recent years, intermarriages between men living on the southwestern border of China and women from Vietnam have increased. The increase of emigrating female workers from rural to urban areas, the ever-increasing bride prices and the expansion of the marriage circle in rural societies have increased the imbalance of gender ratio in the border areas of China. Vietnamese women get married with Chinese men through illegal means in southwestern China and then settle in China, because of factors such as similar cultural traditions and living habits, hopes for better living conditions, and economic interests. These intermarriages sometimes lead to negative effects in China's southwestern border. This article is based on the investigation and evaluation of researches that are from Chinese academic community on Vietnamese women in transnational marriages on the southwestern border of China. It aims to explain the social background of these international marriages, explore the influence of these transnational marriages on the social governance in border areas. It also aims to establish a good transnational marriage mechanism, discuss the problems caused by such transnational marriages, and try to put forward some targeted suggestions and measures from the perspective of social management.

Language and Culture Backgrounds of Mothers and Child Development: A Nationwide Study on the Incidence of Developmental Delays in Children Born to Immigrant Mothers in Taiwan

Background: Transnational marriages are common as a result of globalization, and immigrant mothers face various degrees of differences in language and culture backgrounds. Mothers have great influences on the development of their children, but the effects of immigrant mothers' language and culture backgrounds on developmental delays (DD) are seldom studied. To evaluate the potential effects of immigrant mothers' language and culture backgrounds on DD of their children, we conducted a nationwide study in Taiwan.Methods: We analyzed the data from the national registry of DD in Taiwan from 2010 to 2013 and compared the incidence of DD in young children born to mothers from China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, where most of the immigrant mothers in Taiwan come from. Amongst the three countries, China is the closest to Taiwan in terms of language and culture, followed by Vietnam, and then Indonesia.Results: We identified 4,604 patients of DD in children under 7 years old. The incidence rates showed an increasing trend among children born to mothers from China, Vietnam, and Indonesia (p < 0.01 in all years). Using children born to mothers from Vietnam, whose incidence rate of DD was in the middle amongst the three groups, as the reference, we found the incidence rate ratios in children born to mothers from China ranged from 0.65 to 0.73, and those in children born to mothers from Indonesia ranged from 1.04 to 1.26.Conclusions: The findings support the important role of mothers' language and culture backgrounds in the development of children.

Exploring Transnational Marriages among Afghan Refugees in Quetta, Balochistan – Social Forces and Cultural Dynamics

Building on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative techniques, this paper attempts to explore the mechanisms through which refugee populations maintain distinct identities through marriages as a cultural process. An examination of the cultural factors determining marriage choices among Afghan refugees in Quetta reveals how the Afghan diaspora maintains social links between the host and the home country. The cultural practices specific to Afghan refugees describe how cultural forces negotiate the demands of assimilation from the host country while maintaining distinct identities as a diaspora. These practices are framed in the debate about the place of refugees in studies on transnationalism. It comments on how social and cultural factors are equally important in determining the behavior of and towards refugees, contrasting the economic and political focus of most work done on the subject. The current study of Afghan refugees' marriage preference highlights the dynamic nature of notions about migration, imagined Diasporas, and continued connection to homeland even after generations of exile in the host country which is Pakistan.

Measuring Family Migration in Russia: Sources of Data and Problems of Its Interpretation

The article presents the results of a study aimed at generalizing the sources of data, available in Russia, that characterizes a significant but little-studied phenomenon of family migration. The paper considers data from the Main Directorate for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on issued temporary residence permits (TRP) and acquisition of citizenship, Rosstat materials on the number of marriages with foreigners, as well as statistics on migration flows, which indicate family reasons. Considerable attention is given to the analysis of the Main Directorate for Migration Issues data on issued TRP and citizenship acquisition, on family reunification grounds. Based on the analyzed information, it is concluded that family migration is the major part of the flow of foreigners receiving TRP, and its share amounts to at least 35% of the total. Taking into account that a significant part of the TRPs is issued to the accompanying family members of the participants of the State Programme to Assist Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots Living Abroad, the share of family migration can be increased to almost 50% of the TRP recipients. The percentage of migrants who acquired citizenship based on family ties with Russian citizens also amounts to about 36% of the annual flow and taking into account family members of participants of the State Program it makes almost 60% of all foreigners naturalized in 2014-2018.Analyzing the Russian statistics on citizenship acquisition available since 2010, the author notes that after the changes in the citizenship law in early 2010s, citizens of states that do not have international agreements with Russia actively use marriages with Russian citizens to simplify citizenship acquisition, and the number of such cases is growing rapidly. The basic growth rates of this category of naturalized migrants in 2018 compared to the level of 2010 reached 300 times among the citizens of Tajikistan, 110 times among the citizens of Moldova and almost 60 times among the citizens of Azerbaijan. The author suggests that there is an expansion of the practice of marriages of convenience to overcome the complexities of Russian immigration law. This hypothesis needs to be tested. It is also necessary to study the phenomenon of “transnational marriages”. The disparity in the number of foreigners, men and women who married Russian citizens, revealed by Rosstat data, also requires further study. On average, there are 15 foreign grooms per 10 foreign brides, for Tajikistan citizens this ratio amounts to 32, for Azerbaijan citizens 26, for citizens of Uzbekistan 17 and Moldova 14. The article ends with an analysis of Rosstat’s annual reports on the reasons for move and shows a limited potential of this information. The author makes recommendations for the development of administrative statistics and sample surveys to study family migration and use new types of data in research.