The Role of Volume, Conductivity, Scatter Changes of Neutrophils and Monocytes in Diagnosis of Megaloblastic Anemia

Background: Megaloblastic anemias are macrocytic normochromic anemia with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 100 fl-140 fl and caused by deficiency of either cobalamin (vitamin B12) or folate. However, increased MCV is not specific for megaloblastic anemia, nor is Vitamin B12 assay by chemiluminescence. We undertook this study to evaluate the possible role of Volume, Conductivity and Scatter (VCS) of WBCs derived from standard hematology analyzer to indicate megaloblastic anemia. Methods: We performed a case control study comparing data of 60 patients with low serum vitamin B12 or folate levels with 60 healthy volunteers. Comparison of the volume, conductivity and scatter parameters for neutrophils and monocytes of cases and control were done. Result: The mean neutrophil volume of cases (158.37±18.13fl) was significantly higher (p= 0.0001) compared to controls (141.26±4.22fl). Similarly, mean monocyte volume of cases (183.34±16.90fl) was significantly (p=0.0001) higher compared to controls (166.55±8.66fl). The difference in the mean conductivity of both neutrophils and monocytes between cases and controls were insignificant (p=0.43). Conclusion: Our study suggests analysis of VCS parameters for neutrophils and monocytes was a simple and objective method that substantiates the existence of subclinical deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folate with fair degree of certainty.

Effects of Smoking on Volume, Conductivity and Scatter Parameters of Leukocytes

Aim: In this study, we aimed to determine changes in leukocytes volume, conductivity and scatter parameters in smokers compared to non-smokers. Methods: A total of 117 individuals (45 smokers and 72 non-smokers) were included in the study. While those who smoked at least 10 pack-years were included in the case group, those who never smoked at all were included in the control group. Results: While there was a statistically significant difference in mean neutrophil volume, mean neutrophil conductivity, mean lymphocyte conductivity, mean lymphocyte scatter, mean monocyte volume, mean monocyte conductivity, mean monocyte scatter, mean eosinophil conductivity values between the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in mean neutrophil scatter, mean lymphocyte volume, mean eosinophil volume, mean eosinophil scatter values between the two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that smoking affected volume, conductivity and scatter parameters. Clinicians should consider whether the patient smokes if they want to diagnose any diseases using volume, conductivity and scatter parameters. Keywords: smoking, leukocytes, conductivity, scattering, neutrophils

Influence of Arc Flash Performance and ESDD Measurement of Bushings Tainted by Nitrates

Tainting devastate the feat of bushings. Conductors are insulated inside the bushing that carry a high voltage current through a grounded enclosure. An aspiration is to study the pollution performance of bushings tainted by Nitrates.Arc flash tests of 1kV,11kV,17.5kV bushings are tainted by three types of salts such as NaCl, NaNO3, KNO3. The morsels are negotiated under habitual environment as per IEC 60507. The impact of tainting salts with their solubility on Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) and bushings arc flash voltage are scrutinized. The effect of tainted salts on arc flash fruition, the sway of volume conductivity and Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) under different percentages are also scrutinized. The research upshot reveals that the Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) rate escalated with escalating salt content. When salt concentration gets escalated then conductivity also get escalated. When Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) get Escalated then the arc flash voltage and leakage current get slacken. Finally, the graphs are drawn between ESDD and Arc flash voltage, Conductivity and Salt concentration, Arc flash voltage and Leakage current are obtained using MATLAB software.

The Leukocyte VCS Parameters Compared with Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Soluble Hemoglobin Scavenger Receptor sCD163 for Prediction of Sepsis in Patients with Cirrhosis

Background. Patients with liver cirrhosis have a high risk of sepsis and a poor prognosis. Recently, a new standard for sepsis (Sepsis-3) has been proposed in the general population. The Coulter Lh 750 hematology analyzer can evaluate mean volume, conductivity, scatter, and distribution width of leukocyte. We tried to use Sepsis-3 criteria to study the diagnostic value of volume, conductivity, and scattering (VCS) parameters in sepsis and infection in patients with liver cirrhosis compared with traditional infection markers (PCT, IL-6, sCDl63). Methods. A blinded, cohort study was conducted in three different ED populations within three affiliated hospitals. A total of 249 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. According to the “Sepsis-3” consensus criteria, clinical history, and laboratory examination, the subjects were divided into sepsis (n=54), patients with infections (n=95), and patients without systemic infections (n=100). The blood samples of the patients were collected at the time of ED admission and were evaluated for the detection of sepsis. Results. The differences of MNV, MNS, MMV, MMS, MLV, NDW, and MDW in the three groups were statistically significant. In the diagnosis of sepsis in patients with liver cirrhosis, the sensitivity of combined detection of MMV and MDW was 88.89%; the specificity was 74%. This sensitivity was significantly better than the 83.3% achieved using 0.97 mg/L as the cutoff for sCD163. In the diagnosis of infection in cirrhosis, the sensitivity of combination of MNV and MMS was increased to 86.32%; the specificity was 92%. The sensitivity was the same as that achieved by using 0.31 ng/mL as the cutoff value of PCT, but the specificity increased. Conclusion. The leukocyte VCS parameter could be potential parameters for indicating sepsis and infection in patients with liver cirrhosis. The combined detection of MMV and MDW seemed to be helpful for the diagnosis of sepsis in these patients, and the combination of MNV and MMS could better indicate infection for them.