When Do Firms Trade Patents?

Drawing on the Coase theorem, we consider a firm’s decision to transfer patent ownership to another firm in the markets for innovation. We deem that the proximity of a patent’s technology structure to that of a firm’s patent portfolio will generally result in greater marginal productivity of the patent, leading to enhanced prospects for the firm’s economic return. We thus predict that firms are more likely to trade patents when the technology structure of a patent is closer to the technology stock of a potential buyer compared with that of its original assignee. However, such a relationship will be weaker when a potential buyer and the original assignee have greater product-market overlap or when the assignee has superior technological capability. We test these predictions by employing a dyad-level analysis of transactional decisions during the 1987–2016 period on 40,110 U.S. patents assigned to 57 major biopharmaceutical firms. Our study provides novel insights on factors that facilitate or inhibit patent trade in the markets for innovation.

Transformations of phraseological units in Russian and Slovak advertising slogans

The paper presents the problem of transformations of phraseological units in modern Russian and Slovak advertising slogans. The primary task of the advertising slogan is to attract the attention of the recipient, to interest a potential buyer, to motivate him to buy certain products. When classical linguistic means and techniques turn out to be ineffective or outdated, the creators of advertising slogans resort to various transformations of the existing material well-known to a certain society, word play and other experiments with language. Transformation of phraseological units is a justified, effective and highly relevant method of attracting attention in various spheres of communication (media, fiction, Internet, blogs, advertising, politics, etc.). This technique has occupied the dominant position in advertising for more than a decade, since fixed expressions or allusions to them appeal to the wisdom of the nation, its origins, and evoke positive images in memory. The purpose of this article is to identify the transformations of phraseological units in advertising using the example of two Slavic languages, to analyse specific examples of transformations created by Russian and Slovak authors, to consider the methods of creating such transformations, to note their features and to draw appropriate conclusions.

Efek Green Marketing Mix terhadap Minat Beli Produk Ramah Lingkungan

The spread of environmental issue requires business units to prioritize sustainability in the system or products. Gradually the community becomes more aware of life environmental damage and efforts to preserve the environment. Under the conditions, like this environmental-friendly products are shown by several product and service industries. The purpose of this research is to find out whether green product and green promotion have positive impact on purchase intention of Eco bouquet product. The variables that are used are Green Product (X1), Green Promotion (X2) and Purchase Intention (Y). The object of this research is a florist who provides flower bouquets and souvenirs. The populations of this research are potential buyers and all the followers in promotion media, totally 150 people. Sample number collection in this research were accidental sampling technique on potential buyers, that is, a technique that is done accidentally where anyone who is considered suitable to be the source of data will be sampled in this research. The analysis tool that is used is multiple linear regression. The result of the regression analysis states that green product and green promotion have significant influence on purchase intention of Eco bouquet products. Maraknya isu lingkungan menuntut unit-unit usaha mengedepankan keberlanjutan (sustainability) dalam sistem maupun produk mereka. Masyarakat lambat laun semakin sadar akan kerusakan lingkungan hidup dan upaya-upaya untuk melestarikan lingkungan. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, produk ramah lingkungan dimunculkan oleh beberapa industri produk dan jasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah bagian dari konsep green marketing mix yaitu green product dan green promotion memiliki dampak positif terhadap minat beli produk Eco Bouquet. Variabel yang digunakan yaitu Green Product (X1), Green Promotion (X2) dan Minat Beli (Y). Obyek penelitian ini adalah florist yang menyediakan buket bunga dan souvenir yang ramah lingkungan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah potential buyer Noir Florist, yaitu seluruh konsumen yang tahu tentang produk florist secara umum, konsumen yang pernah melakukan pembelian dan seluruh pengikut media promosi florist Eco Bouquet yang berjumlah 150 orang. Pengambilan jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik accidental sampling pada potential buyer Noir Florist, yaitu teknik yang dilakukan secara kebetulan dimana siapa saja yang dianggap cocok menjadi sumber data yang akan menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda. Hasil analisis regresi menyatakan bahwa green product dan green promotion memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap minat beli produk Eco bouquet.

The Showing

What level of proof is required to believe in the spiritual and the afterlife? What level of proof is required for disclosure to others as material? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Mariette is a real estate agent that is informed by the seller that the house is haunted by a ghost. Mariette is prone to believing in ghosts, but feels this is information she is not required to tell a potential buyer. However, shortly thereafter, she starts getting strange static phone calls and seeing a woman from an earlier time walking the streets pushing an empty stroller. The situation comes to a head when she does some research that turns up a missing woman and child. Her phone rings again, again providing only static. By talking to the static Mariette is able to determine the sequence of events leading to the murder, and is able to set the wandering ghost free by giving it peace.

Visual merchandising and new ways of communication

In the newly created unusual circumstances, what follows is a transformation of three principles of a visual merchandising from real to virtual experience of visual, tactile (emotional) perception of the customer, balanced offer and freedom of choices. Finding and adopting new methods of visual merchandising and models of communication aim to, globally, give fashion brands efficient and fast access to each individual and can enter into a virtual dialogic form with them, providing virtual vision, tactility and emotion so that the potential buyer would be an active participant and make a certain choice.

Zapowiedź Schulzowskich cliché-verre’ów

A commentary on E. Menar’s essay “Sztuki graficzne. Z okazji odbyć się mającej wystawy grafiki oryginalnej w Borysławiu” that announced Bruno Schulz’s exhibition in Borsyław in March 1921. It is a brief account of the historical development of graphic arts. The author explains the essence and significance of graphics, including woodcut, etching, and lithography. The most attention he paid to the etching which, in his opinion, was the most sophisticated and difficult, allowing the artist to use a variety of materials. One of the most interesting aspects of the essay is the emphasis on the cliché-verre technique, rarely used in Poland but preferred by Schulz. Menar’s essay is of a high quality, perhaps surprising in a paper sponsored by and addressed to oil industry clerks. It seems that the author’s task to attract the reader (both the future spectator and the potential buyer) by an accessible introduction to the graphic arts and its tradition was fully accomplished. However, no information concerning E. Menar has been found and his identity remains unknown.

PENERAPAN VIDEO PROMOSI MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI FILMORA PADA PETERNAK KAMBING DI MALANG

After Covid-19 attacked Indonesia, many business need to build e new strategy in order to face the new normal era. Including every owner of Goat Farm in Malang, which usually running the buying and selling process traditionally. The new strategy which can be done is through less contact economy, which is using internet. When every owner of goat farm selling their product by internet, they will not also get the usual income earned but also get wider potential buyer in outside Malang. That’s why, Making Promotion Video using Filmora training Activities for Goat Farm in Malang is done in the form of a tutorial delivered directly by the speaker. Where based on the results of this dedication, every owner of Goat Farm in Malang is very interested and eager to participate in similar activities for the development of business knowledge.

La elección de las formas de tratamiento en las páginas de tiendas online: Un recorrido por el mundo hispano

The article deals with the choice of Spanish forms of address on online web stores. It focuses on the choice between informal (tú/vos) and formal address (usted), studied empirically using a corpus created with Google searches. In the context of an online web store, the aim is to build enough confidence in the potential buyer so that they end up buying the product offered even when the seller is not physically present and the customer does not have an opportunity to examine the product. Moreover, payment is done online, which often involves certain risks. Both tuteo/voseo and ustedeo include elements aimed at building confidence in the potential customer, though from different perspectives. When the customer is addressed with tú/vos, the aim is to build confidence including a nuance of familiarity in the sales discourse. By contrast, ustedeo includes nuances of politeness and formality, and conveys the hidden message that since the online web store addresses the customer in a correct and respectful manner, the same good practices also extend to purchase situations. The article presents results and conclusions related to the following research questions: the general features of the use of forms of address on online web stores; the forms of address on the online web stores in the 21 Spanish-speaking countries of the world; the forms of address in Spanish texts on US online web stores, and pages on which the potential customer is addressed with usted.