Use of Antibiotics among Residents Living Close to Poultry or Goat Farms: A Nationwide Analysis in The Netherlands

Prior regional studies found a high risk of pneumonia for people living close to poultry and goat farms. This epidemiological study in the Netherlands used nationwide antibiotic prescription data as a proxy for pneumonia incidence to investigate whether residents of areas with poultry and goat farms use relatively more antibiotics compared to areas without such farms. We used prescription data on antibiotics most commonly prescribed to treat pneumonia in adults and livestock farming data, both with nationwide coverage. Antibiotic use was expressed as defined daily doses per (4-digit Postal Code (PC4) area)-(age group)-(gender)-(month) combination for the year 2015. We assessed the associations between antibiotic use and farm exposure using negative binomial regression. The amoxicillin, doxycycline, and co-amoxiclav use was significantly higher (5–10% difference in use) in PC4 areas with poultry farms present compared to areas without, even after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, socio-economic status, and goat farm presence. The adjusted models showed no associations between antibiotic use and goat farm presence. The variables included in this study could only partly explain the observed regional differences in antibiotic use. This was an ecological study that precludes inference about causal relations. Further research using individual-level data is recommended.

The relationship between subclinical mastitis and reproductive performance of etawa crossbreed (PE) goat in Kokap, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta

Etawa crossbreed (PE) goat farm has been well developed in Kokap, Kulonprogo, and Yogyakarta. The important aspects that support it are doe’s health and reproductive performance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis incidence and reproductive performance of the does. This study used 84 does from four different farms, which tested using California Mastitis Test (CMT) to determine the mastitis status. The reproductive performance data gained through a questionnaire and the relation to the mastitis status was analyzed using Chi-square. The result showed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 16.67 % (14 does). In the non-mastitis does, 75.71% had long calving interval (CI), 88.57% had long days open (DO), 44.29% had Litter size (LS) 1, and 12.86% had service per conception (S/C) more than 2. Meanwhile, in the mastitis group, the does with long CI was 71.43%, long DO was 85.71%, LS 1 was 28.57%, and S/C > 2 was 14.29%. The chi-square analyses showed no relationship between subclinical mastitis cases with long CI (X2=0.22), long DO (X2=0.09), LS 1 (X2=1.19), and high S/C (X2=0.02). It can be concluded that there was no relation of mastitis cases to reproductive performance of PE does in Kokap, Kuloprogo, and Yogyakarta.

897Environmental contamination of Coxiella burnetii in and around an endemically infected goat farm

Background Coxiella burnetii is the cause of Q fever, a zoonotic disease spread by aerosol transmission. This study investigated C. burnetii environmental contamination in and around an endemically infected, intensively managed dairy goat farm in Victoria, Australia. Methods Dust, soil and water were collected in and around kidding pens. Samplings were collected before, during and after each kidding season. Soil was sampled along a 500 m transect from the main kidding pen in the predominant wind direction to assess the risk of C. burnetii spread from the main farm shed as a point source. DNA extraction and quantitative PCRs targeting the IS1111 and com1 genes were performed. Analyses are ongoing to describe the change in the frequency of C. burnetii positive environmental samples as a function of distance from the main farm shed. Results Dust inside the kidding pen contained C. burnetii DNA at all time points, with higher loads during the kidding seasons. Soil samples were positive for both PCR targets and were evenly dispersed within close ranges (500 m) from the main farm shed. Only those water samples taken from close to the main farm shed were positive. Conclusions C. burnetii was readily found in dust and soil in and around a farm shed where coxiellosis was endemic. Further environmental sampling will allow us to estimate the distance over which C. burnetii contamination occurs around a known point source. Key messages Results of this study will provide information critical for estimating Q fever risk around livestock facilities.

Multiple anthelmintic resistance at a goat farm in Slovakia

Summary Cases of parasite resistance to the main classes of anthelmintics are increasingly reported from small ruminants at farms in Europe. We visited a goat farm in Slovakia in November 2019 with suspected parasite problems that reduced productivity and performed an in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and an in vitro larval development test (LDT) for all three main classes of anthelmintics. The lowest efficacy (60 %) detected by FECRT was for ivermectin (IVM). Benzimidazole (BZ) efficacy ranged between 80.3 and 86.5 %, and levamisole (LEV) efficacy was 94 %. The results from the in vivo FECRT test were confirmed by the in vitro LDT. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 173.6 ng/ml for IVM several times exceeded the recommended threshold of 21.6 ng/ml. Mean LD50 for BZ was equal to the threshold concentration, but the other threshold criteria indicated a low level of resistance in the population. The LDT did not indicate the presence of resistance only for LEV. The MIC 1.0 μg/ml for LEV was evaluated as susceptible with respect to species composition. Teladorsagia was the dominant genus after treatment with BZ, IVM, and LEV. Haemonchus contortus was identifi ed after treatment with BZ and LEV.

Pemberdayaan potensi masyarakat berbasis peternakan kambing di Gampong Ajee Rayeuk Kabupaten Aceh Besar (Empowerment of community potential based on goat farm in Ajee Rayeuk Village District of Aceh Besar)

ABSTRAKKegiatan pengabdian bertujuan membentuk sistem kemitraan dengan peternak melalui pemberian bantuan kambing terbatas selama enam bulan atau satu kali siklus reproduksi dengan introduksi teknologi manipulasi ovulasi dan inseminasi buatan sehingga penguatan modal usaha dapat ditingkatkan. Pada kegiatan ini dilibatkan sepuluh orang khalayak sasaran dari Desa (Gampong) Ajee Rayeuk, Kecamatan Ingin Jaya, Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Kriteria khalayak sasaran yaitu 1) mempunyai pendapatan terendah, 2) mempunyai pengalaman beternak kambing, baik memelihara ternak kambing milik pribadi atau memelihara ternak kambing milik orang lain, 3) mempunyai kandang minimal untuk empat ekor ternak, dan 4) mempunyai anggota keluarga yang mampu dan mempunyai waktu untuk fokus mengurus dan memelihara ternaknya. Pengadaan kambing bantuan dilakukan oleh tim pengabdi berdasarkan kriteria sudah pernah beranak, sehat secara klinis, dan berumur 3 tahun, sehingga masih memiliki produktivitas yang tinggi. Jumlah pengadaan kambing sebanyak 30 ekor yang diberikan masing-masing tiga ekor untuk tiap khalayak sasaran. Kambing-kambing tersebut mendapat perlakuan manipulasi dan inseminasi buatan.Kata kunci: Ajee Rayeuk, kambing, peternak ABSTRACTThe community service activity aims to establish a partnership system with breeders by providing limited goat assistance for six months or one reproductive cycle with the introduction of artificial insemination and ovulation manipulation technology, thus the strengthening of business capital can be increased. This activity involved ten target audiences from Ajee Rayeuk Village, Ingin Jaya Sub-District, Aceh Besar District. Criteria for the target audience were 1) having the lowest income, 2) having experience in raising goats whether their own goats or other people goats, 3) having a pen for at least 4 livestock and, 4) having family members who are able and have time to focus on managing and caring for their livestock. The community service team was procuring goats based on the criteria that the goat have given birth, clinically healthy, and 3 years old, so the goats had a high productivity performance. The total number of goats provided was 30 goats, with three goats for each target audience. The goats were then subjected to ovulation manipulation technology and artificial insemination.Keywords: Ajee Rayeuk, goats, breeders

Implementation of Automatic Transfer Switch on the Solar Home System at the Goat Farm Houses

In Pirak Mertosutan Hamlet, Sleman, Yogyakarta, there is a goat farm complex with about 600 m2. The intricate lighting comes from the National Electricity Company (PLN) and the Solar Home System (SHS). SHS is the primary energy source for lighting, while PLN is a secondary energy source that replaces it when the power supply from SHS goes out. So far, the transfer from SHS to PLN has been carried out by humans. This fact is considered inefficient because the SHS supply does not always die during the day. At night, the officers who move the difficulties have to go to the cage complex located relatively far from residential areas. To facilitate the transfer of energy sources from SHS to PLN and vice versa. It does not need to be done by officers. It is necessary to automatically install a means to automatically move the two sources automatically. This tool is the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS). This tool can move the energy supply from SHS to PLN and vice versa. By considering the specifications used in the SHS in the farm complex, the ATS is made and then installed in the farm complex. After the installation is carried out, the functional test is carried out. The ATS installation test results show that the ATS can work according to the design; namely, when the SHS is off, the source used is automatically switched to PLN. When the SHS is on, the source that was using PLN will automatically switch to SHS.