Understanding Query Combination Behavior in Exploratory Searches

In exploratory search, users sometimes combine two or more issued queries into new queries. We present such a kind of search behavior as query combination behavior. We find that the queries after combination usually can better meet users’ information needs. We also observe that users combine queries for different motivations, which leads to different types of query combination behaviors. Previous work on understanding user exploratory search behaviors has focused on how people reformulate queries, but not on how and why they combine queries. Being able to answer these questions is important for exploring how users search and learn during information retrieval processes and further developing support to assist searchers. In this paper, we first describe a two-layer hierarchical structure for understanding the space of query combination behavior types. We manually classify query combination behavior sessions from AOL and Sogou search engines and explain the relationship from combining queries to success. We then characterize some key aspects of this behavior and propose a classifier that can automatically classify types of query combination behavior using behavioral features. Finally, we summarize our findings and show how search engines can better assist searchers.

Social-Psychological Factors of Deviant Behavior of Adolescents

The article is devoted to the study of social-psychological factors of deviant behavior in adolescents. The psychological characteristics of adolescence, the phenomenology of deviant behavior, types of deviant behavior are considered. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the factors of the formation of deviant behavior of minors. The authors note the lack of scientific knowledge about this. Identifying and taking into account such factors will make it possible to individualize the process of psychoprophylactic and corrective activities of a psychologist. Experimental work on the study of the socio-psychological reasons for the deviant behavior of minors is described. The analysis of the research results is presented. The study made it possible to determine the influence of socio-psychological determinants on the formation of deviant behavior in adolescents: personal and characterological characteristics, character accentuations, peculiarities of adolescent self-esteem, types of family upbringing, characteristics of parental attitudes. All this will allow in the future to develop programs of psychological prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents, taking into account their characteristics and family upbringing.

Generalized description and referential meaning of typical childlike situations comparable to sacrifice

The article discusses the issues regarding the essence of what the reality referring to typical childlike situations similar to sacrifice, and the ways the names and descriptions of behavior types differ from these types as per se. The description of lexical meanings via the semantic metalanguage and the description of typical linguistic and other cultural forms based on prototypes do not contradict each other, since they solve different problems. Consequently, generic descriptions of typical childlike situations comparable to sacrifice are lexical meanings of the short names of typical situations, constructed in metalanguage on the basis of an intuitive understanding of their similarity, existing as artefacts of text analysis, while the typical situations and forms of childlike behavior comparable to sacrifice are real-life objective forms of behavioral situations and biological, cultural and social predispositions to certain typical forms of behavior.

Behavioral response of wild mammals to pre-existing and artificial latrines of raccoon dogs in northeastern Japan

In this study, we reveal the behavior of raccoon dogs and other mammals on two types of latrines: already-existing latrines in the field and artificial latrines created from the feces of a captive individual. From September to November 2019, we used camera traps at already-known (eight sites), and artificial latrines (four sites), and recorded the mammalian species that visited, their behavior types, and the duration of time spent at the latrines. Our camera traps detected eight species visits, including raccoon dogs, masked palm civets, and rodents (Muridae). In raccoon dogs, sniffing, urination, defecation, and passing were observed, and the numbers of defecation and passing occurrences were significantly higher in the already-existing latrines. The duration time of the raccoon dogs was significantly longer at the artificial latrine; however, the time decreased as days elapsed. Masked palm civets frequently visited the artificial latrines, where the number of rubbings was significantly higher. The Muridae did not differ in their proportion of foraging behavior between the two latrine types, indicating that both were used as feeding sites without distinction. The results of this study indicate that raccoon dog latrines affect not only raccoon dogs but also other mammals.

Leatherback Turtles in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico: Foraging and Migration Behavior During the Autumn and Winter

We deployed 19 satellite tags on foraging adult leatherback turtles, including 17 females and 2 males, captured in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in 2015, 2018, and 2019 in order to study regional distribution and movements. Prior to our study, limited data were available from leatherbacks foraging in the Gulf of Mexico. Tag deployment durations ranged from 63 to 247 days and turtles exhibited three distinct behavior types: foraging, transiting, or rapidly switching between foraging and transiting. Some females were tracked to nesting beaches in the Caribbean. Most of the leatherbacks remained on and foraged along the west Florida continental shelf whereas a few individuals foraged in waters of the central Gulf of Mexico during the autumn and winter. In addition, migration of adult females through the Yucatan Channel indicate that this is a seasonally important area for Caribbean nesting assemblages.

Regional Features of the Attitude of Adolescents to Health and the Environment

The article is devoted to adolescent health as an important potential of the country’s labor and population resources. The negative trends characterising the health of this age group in recent decades require the adoption of immediate and radical measures in the field of social policy. Based on the results of the study “Adolescent Health and the Environment” (2017), analysis of statistics, various documents and publications, an attempt was made to find out the nature of changes in the attitude of adolescents to their health and the environment under the influence of social policy measures. This approach examines the relationship between sociological indicators of adolescent attitude to health (self-esteem, motives and health factors, the presence of bad habits, attitude to the environment) and the impact of means and methods of social policy of various kinds. Advocacy of a healthy lifestyle forms attitudes towards a positive attitude to health and reliance on one’s own efforts to achieve it. A lack of attention to environmental issues at the regional level leads to a decrease in environmental concerns among these issues among young people. These processes can be traced by comparing the responses of the respondents of two cities (Ulan-Ude and Ulyanovsk) with significant differences, and by analysing the content components of the social policies of these regions. The conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of the measures that form the specific behavior types of adolescents in the field of health.