Partakers with the Altar

Contrary to prevalent assumptions, city magistracies did not simply pay for the upkeep of the churches used by the Dutch Reformed church. Based on the archives of churchwardens for the eleven public churches of Amsterdam, this article shows that for about a century between 1650 and 1750 the churches paid for themselves, how this was possible, and why they eventually came to rely municipal subsidies. After the devastations wrought by Revolt and Reformation, the buildings were refurnished in a luxurious style, befitting the prestige of the city. Burgomasters imposed a seating arrangement that, maintained by a variety of church attendants, reflected the hierarchical order of society. The biographical background and the work of these attendants provide a window into the ritual of churchgoing. During the heyday of Amsterdam’s prosperity people were happy to pay or the services the churches provided, including the display of rank and dignity. Economic decline, critique of the established social order, and changing religious sensibilities undercut this source of funding. The report of an auditing committee, analysing the administration of churchwardens in 1795 and 1796, testifies to the difficulties even the staunchest Batavian revolutionaries experienced when rethinking early modern public finances.

Revitalization of Ancient Institutions: The 1394 Governance Code for the Joseon Dynasty of Korea by Jeong Do-jeon

<p>The Code of Governance for the Joseon Dynasty written by Jeong Do-jeon in 1394 was the first legal document written in justification of a new Korean dynasty. The eminent Korean historian Han Young-woo has credited the political scheme formulated in the Code for promoting democratic ideas of power separation. This study argues that the Code cannot be considered as an attempt to introduce a new power structure in this way, as it was primarily concerned with revitalizing idealized Confucian institutions mobilized by the ideological force of weixin 維新 (revitalization) of guzhi 古制 (ancient institutions) and with creating a society modelled on Confucian values and hierarchical order laid out in the Chinese work, the Zhouli (Rites of Zhou). In his Code, Jeong used this system of government structure as the principle of ancient state institutions, to justify the position of the new Joseon throne, and he also adopted the legal format of the 1331 Yuan law book, Jingshi dadian, in which royal authority took precedence over that of the government. This study emphasizes not only Jeong Do-jeon’s conservative adherence to the continuity of state institutions from the previous Goryeo dynasty (a replica of the Chinese Tang and Song systems), but also the priority he gave to the new Joseon monarch as a stabilizing force within the new dynasty, and argues that the Code was written to ensure continuity and priority, and cannot be considered as an attempt to introduce a new power structure.</p>

Revitalization of Ancient Institutions: The 1394 Governance Code for the Joseon Dynasty of Korea by Jeong Do-jeon

<p>The Code of Governance for the Joseon Dynasty written by Jeong Do-jeon in 1394 was the first legal document written in justification of a new Korean dynasty. The eminent Korean historian Han Young-woo has credited the political scheme formulated in the Code for promoting democratic ideas of power separation. This study argues that the Code cannot be considered as an attempt to introduce a new power structure in this way, as it was primarily concerned with revitalizing idealized Confucian institutions mobilized by the ideological force of weixin 維新 (revitalization) of guzhi 古制 (ancient institutions) and with creating a society modelled on Confucian values and hierarchical order laid out in the Chinese work, the Zhouli (Rites of Zhou). In his Code, Jeong used this system of government structure as the principle of ancient state institutions, to justify the position of the new Joseon throne, and he also adopted the legal format of the 1331 Yuan law book, Jingshi dadian, in which royal authority took precedence over that of the government. This study emphasizes not only Jeong Do-jeon’s conservative adherence to the continuity of state institutions from the previous Goryeo dynasty (a replica of the Chinese Tang and Song systems), but also the priority he gave to the new Joseon monarch as a stabilizing force within the new dynasty, and argues that the Code was written to ensure continuity and priority, and cannot be considered as an attempt to introduce a new power structure.</p>

METHODS OF THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF THE RESTORATION-RECONSTRUCTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS

The article deals with the systematization of existing restoration and reconstructive methods in a hierarchical order, depending on the possibility of introducing a new one into the historically established – from, the gentlest, restoration to the most active reconstructive. Their classification is proposed: according to the activity of the intervention – into preserving, restoring, renewing, transforming; to carry out qualitative changes at different system levels – urban planning, volumetric and functional. Preserving and restoring methods are classified as restoration, and renewing and transforming methods are classified as reconstructive. Their correspondence is shown depending on their activity in bringing new into the historical formed and their use for various system levels in the implementation of the complex process of restoration-reconstructive transformations. A brief explanation of each method is provided. It has been determined that the use of the restoration or reconstructive methods depends on the qualitative indicator of the existing state of the selected site, namely, its degree of value (historical-architectural value) and the degree of destruction (integrity). It is recommended to use restoration methods (preserving and restoring) for sites of the I and II degrees of value and integrity, and reconstructive methods (renewing and transforming) for sites of the III and IV degrees of value and integrity. It was indicated that the restoration methods correspond to the I and II degrees of restoration-reconstructive transformations, and the reconstructive methods correspond to the III and IV degrees of the RRT. For the effectiveness of the complex process of restoration-reconstruction transformations in any historical urban environment, it is recommended to use not individual methods, but their combinations.

A Linguistic Analysis of Verbal Humor Found in the Transcription of Animated TV Series Gravity Falls

Humour is one of the channels used in communication to express a concept or an idea. It can also be used to entertain people, such as in a TV show. This research focuses on the investigation of verbal perceptions of humour found in the transcription of the animated TV series Gravity Falls. Its purpose is to figure out what kinds of verbal humour can be found in the transcription of the animated television series Gravity Falls, as well as how the verbal humour in its transcription linguistically examined using the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). This study examined an episode of “Gravity Falls season 2: Not What He Seems” using a descriptive qualitative technique. The investigation discovered 29 linguistic humours in the research object, which were classified into 9 of the 12 types. The six Knowledge Resources in the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) are used to analyze the verbal humours previously discovered linguistically: Script Opposition (SO), Logical Mechanism (LM), Situation (SI), Target (TA), Narrative Strategy (NS), and Language (LA). To analyze the verbal humour, the analysis is done in a hierarchical order of the KRs.

Representants and international orders

The paper introduces a new explanation of international order that focuses on representants. Representants are practices, artifacts, and language that stand in for the international system's units in international fora. They are crucial for International Relations (IR), given that IR deal with a macro-realm that can never be fully present, but needs to be made concrete in specific localities. Representants have four interrelated effects: (1) they define the units of the international system; (2) they legitimize them; (3) they provide them with differential degrees of power; and (4) they serve as tools for governing. When representants are seriously challenged, orders are in crisis; when new representants emerge, a new order has taken hold. The paper develops a mechanism of change emerging from struggles over representants. It studies the transition from the medieval order of universal monarchy to an order of divine right absolutism. Representants, such as gothic cathedrals, the mass, and coronation rituals maintained the medieval hierarchical order with the pope/emperor at the apex. The Reformation provided the last step in kings' challenge to the medieval order. Kings adapted existing representants, so that they would portray the independence of kings from the papacy/emperor, and simultaneously position kings above feudal lords.

On the study of the coenoflora of poplar relict woodlands of the middle course of the Syrdarya river

The article provides a list of the coenoflora species of poplar relict woodlands of the Syrdarya River valley within the Kyzylorda region. The list is compiled on the basis of data obtained as a result of the implementation of grant and contract projects related to the study of flora and vegetation of the middle course of the Syrdarya river. A map of the description points is provided. The taxonomic composition is revealed and a comparative analysis of the spectrum of the leading families with the data of floristic and geobotanical studies of other authors conducted in this region is carried out. In particular, 103 species from 31 families were identified in the cenoflora, with the 5 largest families accounting for 61.2 % of the total number of species. The hierarchical order of addition is as follows: Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae. Comparative analysis shows that the set of leading families in the compared lists is the same. However, the sequence of the three families changes somewhat: Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae. If the floristic composition of the floodplain of the valley of the Syrdarya river Poaceae takes 3 spot, followed by Fabaceae and Brassicaceae, to sanoflore woodland, the sequence is as follows: Brassicaceae is in third place, followed by. Poaceae and Fabaceae, respectively. The significant role of representatives of Poaceae in the floodplain flora is quite natural, given the significant participation in the composition of vegetation of meadow communities. And the high position of Brassicaceae in the cenoflora, as a rule, of antrogogenously disturbed woodlands, is formed due to the annual anthropophilic species of this family.

Plastic Crushing Failure of Bio-Inspired Cellular Hierarchical Topological Sandwich Core

Bio-inspired self-similar hierarchical honeycombs are multifunctional cellular topologies used for resisting various loadings. However, the crushing behavior under large plastic deformation is still unknown. This paper investigates the in-plane compressive response of selective laser melting (SLM) fabricated hierarchical honeycombs. The effects of hierarchical order, relative density as well as constituent material are evaluated. The results show that at small deformation, the AlSi10Mg alloy hierarchical honeycombs show great advantages over the elastic modulus and compressive strength than 316L steel hierarchical honeycombs. As the relative density and hierarchical order increase, the failure mechanism of AlSi10Mg alloy honeycombs gradually changes from a bending-dominated mode to a fracture-dominated mode; whereas all the 316L steel honeycombs fail due to the distortion of original unit cells. At large deformation, the AlSi10Mg alloy honeycombs behave with brittle responses, while the 316L steel honeycombs exhibit ductile responses, showing a negative Poisson’s ratio behavior and gradient deformation of hierarchical unit cells. The addition of unit cell refinements improves the elastic modulus of AlSi10Mg alloy honeycombs and advances the densification of 316L steel honeycombs. In addition, the effect of constituent material on the compressive response of hierarchical honeycombs has been discussed. This study facilitates the development and future potential application of multifunctional ultra-light sandwich structures.

The Soul’s Order

This chapter is concerned with Nietzsche’s conception of the soul (human psychology) as constituted by the hierarchical order or structure among drives and affects. After a demonstration that that conception raises the spectre of the homunculus fallacy, it is argued that the two major interpretations of the Nietzschean soul’s order—the vitalistic one proposed by P. Wotling and the normative one proposed by M. Clark and D. Dudrick—should be rejected because they commit Nietzsche to that fallacy. The author’s own dispositional reading frees Nietzsche’s psychology of drives from any charge of fallacious homuncularism. In the light of this reading, the chapter investigates how the interaction between drives and affects should be understood.