PRESERVED STATION COMPLEXES OF THE RAIL NETWORK OF THE VOLHYNIAN GOVERNORATE AS OBJECTS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the problems connected with preserving the authenticity of the historical environment of Volhynia. Preserved railway stations, as well as buildings that are part of the railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, are valuable architectural objects. Many of preserved station complexes have the features of ensemble unity. For some reason, most of these unique buildings do not have official monument status. Therefore, the author proposes to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings, as well as buildings of station complexes, that are part of the architectural ensemble, that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article. Some railway station complexes are in decline due to the closure and need immediate measures to preserve them. There are recommendations for the rehabilitation and protection of the preserved of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate. The research methodology is based on general, interdisciplinary and disciplinary, that include architectural and town-planning research methods. This publication aims to substantiate the architectural value of the buildings of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries and have been preserved to this day. The task is also to substantiate the proposal to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article. The article deals with the volume-spatial structure and stylistics of the of the buildings of railway station complexes, that were built in the Volhynian Governorate in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries and have been preserved to this day. Considerable attention is paid to the architectural value of these passenger buildings. The author substantiates the proposal to include in the register of architectural monuments those passenger buildings, as well as buildings of station complexes, that are part of the architectural ensemble, that do not have status of monument and about that is written in this article.

METHODS OF CREATING A LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERING THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATION ORIENTATION

The problem of creating a landscape environment considering the cultural and educational orientation in the structure of objects of the landscape and recreational zone of cities is observed. Specialized cultural and cognitive parks of ideological and thematic orientation are grouped by areas: urban planning, landscape-ecological, spatial-compositional, semiotic, typological-methodological and their main characteristics are given. The classification of specialized cultural and cognitive parks and those that ideologically affect the surrounding and inner world of man is given. The main methods used in the formation of specialized cultural and educational parks in the process of landscape-planning organization of the park environment by its phases (pre-design research, design, implementation, maintenance) are determine In each of the phases the main stages of its implementation and methods of scientific research used in it are given. When considering the issue of creating specialized cultural and cognitive parks, the general criteria to be met by the design objects that combine them were identified, a number of methods that form the algorithm for their creation were considered.

SYNTHESIS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF TREATMENT, RESEARCH AND TEACHING (CASE STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN AACHEN)

The article considers and analyzes the existing in the world, but new for Ukraine, type of healthcare institutions - a university hospital, which today is an example of one of the largest and best university hospitals in Germany - the Medical Center of the University of Aachen. The planning and functional structure of the university hospital and special design approaches that contributed to its design and development are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to illustrate an innovative approach for our state to the organization of medical institutions and to emphasize the importance of their implementation in the domestic healthcare system. The research methodology is based on the systematization and analysis of data from various information sources, as well as on the method of sociological survey (analysis of reviews). The article considers the features of the structure of the University Hospital Aachen, namely the multidisciplinary treatment, research and student training, which are combined in one institution. According to hospital patients, the only drawback of this structure is the frequent long wait for visitors. This is probably due to the significant daily flow of patients of varying complexity and, consequently, the shortcomings of the managerial approach. However, at the same time, the hospital has many advantages, which were highlighted in the article.

TRADITIONAL DWELLING OF M`ZAB VALLEY IN ALHERIA: THE POINT OF ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIREMENT

The article deals with the traditional dwellings in the UNESCO World Heritage ancient settlements (ksour) of M’zab Valley in Algerian desert. The Mozabite habitats are reflection of cultural and social values embodied in the architecture, with simple design in their forms deep in their indications, they are organized with a set of principles and rules known as customs that were inspired by religion and adapted to the environment. This latter helped to preserve Mozabite dwellings for more than a millennium. In this article the attention has been drawn to the dwelling’s design and distribution of its spaces according the activities and lifestyle of Mozabite community considering the arid environment needs. Sustainability strategies have significant presence in different levels of the dwelling appearing from the usage of passive techniques which depend on the principles of conservation energy and water, exploiting renewable resources and usage of local materials. These techniques are what make dwellings integrate completely within arid climate.

MODELING AND FORECASTING OF THE STATUS OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION OF THE STYR RIVER

The main sources of surface water pollution are determined, mathematical models describing the change of values of chemical and bacteriological indicators of river water quality are considered, the consequences of influence of untreated or under-treated wastewater discharged into rivers on the quality of water in it are substantiated, predictive models of the state of pollution of surface waters are built on the basis of GIS of the Styr River at five observation stations within the Volyn and Rivne regions for the period up to 2022, it has been proved that periodic monitoring of surface water pollution is sufficient for their qualitative forecasting of their condition, etc. In recent decades, GIS has been an effective tool for wastewater management and, therefore, more effective decision-making, as it greatly simplifies the processing of large amounts of geospatial and attributive data. The use of GIS provides the integration of maps to identify places of potential pollution and geographical indication of pollution in different parts of the river, downstream to the outlets of wastewater. Studies of river processes have always been conducted primarily to study their impact on river water quality. Water quality is the main characteristic of rivers in the analysis of their ecological condition and in terms of water use. Our study emphasizes the feasibility and effectiveness of short-term continuous monthly measurement of water quality and the development of the river index in order to focus management decisions on the gradual improvement of water quality. In this study, mathematical modeling of river pollution forecasting was used and forecast diagrams for 2021-2022 were constructed. As a result, these data will be an effective environmental decision-making tool for the implementation of optimal engineering controls at points of interest to prevent environmental damage and protect human health.

MONITORING OF SEASONAL OPENING OF CRACKS ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOFIA KYIVSKA NATIONAL RESERVE

An instrumental method for monitoring changes in the width of crack opening in the constructions of the National Reserve "Sofia Kievska" is presented. Due to the uneven sediment of the foundations, causing the appearance of stress and effort in the load-bearing building structures, there is a process of cracking. The process of cracking is one of the manifestations of deformation processes that need to be monitored, and therefore to conduct regular instrumental observations. The urgency of instrumental monitoring is assumed to be a careful attitude to the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine, in particular the National Reserve "Sofia Kievska". The main task of the publication was to consider the method of instrumental observation of the change in the width of the crack opening using the comparator "SDM 50/500". Investigate the dependence and analysis of seasonal fluctuations in ambient temperature and humidity changes in the width of crack opening based on the results of five years of monitoring of cracks in the structures of St. Sofia Cathedral of the National Reserve "Sofia Kievska". The article presents the results of long-term monitoring by a unique method using the comparator "SDM 50/500" width of cracks in the walls of the historical and cultural monument of architecture and history of Ukraine of St. Sofia Cathedral of National Reserve "Sofia Kievska". The presented monitoring results were collected during five years of work. According to the results of observations, a graph of the development of changes in the width of crack opening over time over 5 years is constructed. The direct dependence on air humidity and the inverse dependence on the ambient air temperature are analyzed with the help of the constructed dependence graphs. The results of the study provided an opportunity to develop clear recommendations for further studies to monitor the development of cracks. The main direction of further research will be to improve the method of surveying the change in the width of the crack opening using a portable comparator "SDM 50/500".

URBAN SPACES WITH FOUNTAINS: NOISE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGIME FORMATION REGULARITY

The article highlights the problem of loss of the ability to solve design problems by the modern creators of the settlements based on knowledge of the functional structure of the object, demands of potential consumers, taking into account the features of the object’s location in the selected area, while creating a safe, reliable and comfortable environment able to implement functions for which it is intended. Guided by the specialized publications in the field of the liquid and gas hydraulics and mechanics, the author considers and describes in detail the water flows and their impact on space characteristics, including options for the contribution of hydraulic noise to space acoustics, taking into account human perception, and options for contribution of the atmospheric air temperature and humidity variability to the thermal balance of the city residents. The parameters of buildings are identified, the change of which affects the change of space characteristics. The regularities of the impact of fountains during operation on the space noise and ecological regime formation, which will provide consumer needs and comfortable conditions necessary for a positive physical perception of space, are determined. The results of the study will be used as a reference material in the development of graphic models and techniques of the architectural and planning arrangement of urban spaces with fountains, which, being perfectly integrated into the urban fabric will ensure sustainable development of the spaces with fountains over time.

THE USE OF THE AESTHETIC POSSIBILITIES OF COLOR IN THE INTERIOR IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF TRAINING AN ARTIST-DESIGNER

The article examines the main aesthetic possibilities of color in the interior. As a result of the analysis, the main conditions for the aesthetic impact of the coloristics of the interior space have been determined, which depend on the selected functional type of interior, a given scale, composition of space, general color, geometric plane and volumes, lighting, textured qualities of the material, harmonization of the surface color of the materials used, the relationship of structural elements and forms in the interior, informative possibilities of color. The interrelation of color with physiological, psychological and associative reactions in inflammatory processes and emotional sensations has been analyzed. Taken into account the understanding of color - color preferences and color culture issues. The associative possibilities of color as a means of emotional, aesthetic and symbolic impact have been determined. As a result, the main aesthetic possibilities of coloristics in the interior have been developed and proposed, which consist of logical sequential stages in order to implement the coloristic interior design and which are necessary in the educational process of training specialists in the specialty 022 "Design" in the discipline "Design workshop. Coloristics in the interior" (Department of Design, Faculty of Architecture of KNUSA), as well as necessary for their future professional activities: 1) solution of the creative concept and image of the interior; 2) a comprehensive solution to the overall color of the interior; 3) taking into account the emotional impact of color on a person; 4) creating expressiveness of the interior and determining its utility, functionality and expediency.

ZONING OF THE CITY TERRITORY BY THE LEVEL OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY NITROGEN OXIDES

The problem of building an ecologically clean city is considered, taking into account the basic principles of its construction, maintenance, zoning of ecological functions and, at the same time, the need to maintain sustainable development. Calculations of the concentration of emissions of nitrogen oxides in fourteen transport nodes - intersections of the main roads of the city were carried out, the dispersion of the distribution of impurities in the atmosphere was determined. On the basis of the criterion of the traffic intensity of vehicles, the zoning of the territory around the intersections of the main roads of the city was proposed according to the level of atmospheric air pollution with nitrogen oxides: safe zones, where the content of nitrogen oxides is less than the average daily maximum permissible concentrations (maximum allowable concentration = 0.04 mg/m3); zones of low safety, where the content of nitrogen oxides is less than the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration (maximum allowable concentration = 0.4 mg/m3); hazardous zones, where the level is higher than the maximum allowable concentration, constant monitoring and special treatment facilities are needed. The calculation of the traffic intensity of vehicles, which is necessary to achieve the maximum allowable rate for nitrogen oxide emissions, and the ratio between the substances. Sanitary protection zones-territories around the main hubs, where nitrogen oxides have a harmful effect on the environment and human health, have been calculated. It was revealed that the predominant north-western direction of winds leads to an increase in the territory of pollution up to 850 m, if the highway has eight lanes. A conceptual model of the transition to clean air in urbanized areas is proposed, according to which, in fact, it is necessary to solve the problems of coexistence and protection: - a person who seeks to live comfortably, and comfort requires constant progress and at the same time preserving his health; - transport, which is associated with the need to quickly move goods and services, requires sustainable economic development and leads to climate change; - the environment, the state of which under anthropogenic influence is deteriorating against the background of intensification of natural disasters.

METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT OF WATERCOLOR PAINTING FOR STUDENTS-ARCHITECTORS

The article considers that watercolor technique is the most advanced one for the transfer of living architectural forms of structures in the drawing. Drawings of architectural projects should give a full understanding of the correct purpose, about the cost-effectiveness, strength and beauty of the future building. Therefore, drawings must be clear, understandable, expressive, their graphic performance must be based on the high foundations of realistic art. Watercolor is a professional and traditional visual means of an architect. Watercolor is an amazing material that combines the ability to comprehend both the pictorial, color organization of the image and the graphic, sign-tonal one. The architect, referring to the picturesque development of the drawing, first of all, must determine its purpose and choose from all the numerous visual techniques of watercolor painting those that will better contribute to the expressiveness of this drawing. Then they will be correctly used: the perfect visual equipment, a large arsenal of tools, a wide range of techniques, a large palette of colors, various possibilities of tools and materials. These features allow you to cope with multitasking in a wide variety of visual arts. The main features of watercolor painting are high airiness and transparency. However, architectural watercolor has its own specific conventions, some generalization, laconicism, business simplicity, clarity, a certain limited palette of colors, but at the same time it successfully fulfills its task only when it proceeds from the position of realistic painting.Such watercolor techniques as: “wet”, “dry”, “glaze”, “ά la prima” are considered The technique of watercolor painting is a visual reflection of the main theoretical postulates of the composite space organization on the plane. Watercolor techniques solve these problems and clearly show the interaction of tonal and color characteristics of all elements of the composition.