Review of the theoretical approaches regarding the legal protection of objects generated by artificial intelligence systems in the field of copyright and related rights

Keywords: artificial intelligence, copyright, related rights, sui generis The publication provides a descriptive review of existingtheoretical approaches regarding the legal protection of objects generated byartificial intelligence systems in the field of copyright and related rights, namely.1) The inexpediency of legal protection of computer-generated objects. It is concludedthat the absence of legal regulation and free circulation of generated objects isconsidered the easiest option. Still, hardly fair and justified, as the creation of artificialintelligence systems requires large and significant investments in their development.2) The possibility of protecting computer-generated objects by copyright as originalworks. It has been established that extending the concept of «originality» to computergeneratedobjects seems unjustifiable.3) The introduction of the latest iteration of the fiction theory and establishing aspecial legal status for artificial intelligence systems. It is noted that such an approachseems premature because the existing artificial intelligence systems are amanifestation of «narrow» or «weak» artificial intelligence and not artificial generalintelligence.4) Protection of specific generated objects through related rights. It is concludedthat the objects generated by AI systems may be protected in Ukraine through theprism of related rights, under the condition that the relevant object can be attributedto a phonogram, videogram, or broadcast (program) of broadcasters respectively.5) Protection of generated objects through a special legal regime under copyrightlaw. It is described that this approach cannot be considered a universal example forimitating the legal protection of objects generated by computer programs because itsapplication leaves more questions and inconsistencies than solving the problem onthe merits.6) Protection of generated objects through sui generis law. It is assumed that applyingsuch an approach to the protection of objects generated by computer programswill not lead to significant changes in copyright and will protect the interests and investmentsof developers of artificial intelligence systems.

Attachment, Addiction, and Vices of Valuing

Addiction and certain varieties of interpersonal attachment share strikingly similar psycho-behavioural structures. For example, both the addicted and the interpersonally attached often report a common pattern of cognition, affect, and motivation directed toward the relevant object. This pattern includes, inter alia, recurring and recalcitrant thoughts about the object that captivate one’s attention, intense longing for the object, feelings of bliss upon obtaining the object, and feelings of dejection when one is deprived of it for too long. These thoughts, feelings, and desires tend to motivate the agent to seek out the object for various kinds of interaction. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers have often adduced these similarities between addiction and attachment to argue that many typical cases of romantic love represent addictions to one’s partner and thus might be appropriate candidates for medical treatment. In this chapter, I argue for the relatively neglected thesis that some paradigmatic cases of addiction are aptly characterized as emotional attachments to their objects. This has implications for how we should understand the nature of addiction and for the ethics of attachment more broadly.

Media discourse of national identity: Russia and Germany

The media discourse of both Russia and European countries today seems to be a representative and relevant object for the study of national identity. The discourse of national identity in the media is presented as media texts directly related to the topic, and included in it through the comments of the recipients. The leading sub-discourses or thematic dominants in this case are major sports competitions, international competitions and commemorative practices of the past. The vast majority of assessments of national characteristics in the comments of the recipients of journalistic publications are negative, due to the criticality and self-criticism of commentators.

3-year-old children’s memory flexibility allows adaptation to an altered context

Imitation provides a reliable method to investigate the developing memory functions in childhood. The present study explored whether 3-year-old children are able to revise their previous experiences after a 1 week delay in order to adapt to an altered context. We used a combined immediate (Session 1) and delayed (Session 2) imitation paradigm. The constraints (target object close/far) and relatedly the relevance of using a tool in a goal attainment task (irrelevant/relevant, respectively) changed between the sessions. We found that children in Session 1 used the tool only when it was needed (relevant/object far context). After the 1 week delay when the tool was previously irrelevant and then became relevant, children remembered the irrelevant act and applied it in the altered context. When the tool lost its relevance after 1 week, children used the tool less than before, but did not fully omit it, despite its reduced efficiency. We propose that the flexible restoration of a formerly irrelevant act and the maintenance of a formerly successful solution indicate flexibility of children’s memory when guiding imitation. This flexibility, however, interacts with children’s tendency to remain faithful to strategies that were previously ostensively demonstrated to them.

Technology, Development, and the Competition for Supremacy

From its very first pages, Paul Dobrescu’s new book The Dragons of Development makes its roots visible: it is built on a comprehensive literature review, and on a reflection upon progress and supremacy in contemporary societies. The author sees the development of a society as “a way to get to know ourselves” (p.10), and the ideas elaborated in the volume are based on historical and societal knowledge. To understand the development of a nation, its cultural roots and the following integration of culture in the norms of that society are a relevant object of study.

On Classification of the Powers of an Investigating Judge in Criminal Proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic

The article is devoted to the issue of classification of the powers of an investigating judge in criminal proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic. The relevance and novelty of the study is caused by the introduction of a new procedural figure of the investigating judge, who exercises judicial control in pre-trial proceedings. The powers conferred by the Criminal Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic to an investigating judge are varied in content. In this regard, the issue of the classification of the powers of an investigating judge is relevant. Object of research: the procedural figure of the investigating judge. The subject of the research: the powers of the investigating judge and their division by classification. Thus, the powers of an investigating judge, provided for in Article 31 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, cover not only the issues of the existence of grounds for the application and extension of measures to ensure criminal proceedings, authorization of investigative and special investigative actions, as well as the resolution of issues arising between the participants in pre-trial proceedings, including those affecting the scope of proof in criminal cases. A proposal has been made to classify the powers of an investigating judge in criminal proceedings in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Social representations of globalisation and the functioning of the metasystem in social comparison contexts: evidence from two studies in Portugal

Globalisation generates intense debate and contradictory positions, being a particularly relevant object of social representations (SR). This article attempts to better understand the SR of globalisation by analysing how the normative social metasystem controls, verifies and selects the material produced by the operative system in contexts of social comparison. Using a multi-method approach, we conducted two studies, with semi-structured interviews (N=30) and a free association questionnaire (N=100), in the Porto Metropolitan Area, Portugal. Results highlight how social comparison contexts trigger arguments in favour of group interests and reveal the existing power relations between groups. The importance of identifying the relations that guide thinking about social objects and the applicability of SR theory for understanding complex, controversial, sociopolitical objects are discussed.

Love and Caring

Is there a principled framework for understanding the distinction between mere caring and love? This chapter critically assesses extant accounts, showing that the distinctive requirements for love that they propose are either insufficient or unnecessary. After identifying and exploring views that describe types of intimacy that suffice, but are too demanding to deem necessary, for love, this chapter develops a more ecumenical proposal for love’s distinctive character that unifies a central insight in the preceding views. On this proposal, the feature that is necessary and sufficient to distinguish love from mere caring is conceived in terms of love’s intimacy as reflected in a specific form of vulnerability. The lover, but not the mere carer, is subject to damage in her sense of herself as an agent leading a meaningful life directly in virtue of being permanently separated from the relevant object or in virtue of that object faring poorly.

Hypertext device for forensic text in courtroom context

In a hypertext device for forensic text in courtroom context, the anchor rarely defines the nature of the link which it maintains with the target, the information to which it points. But navigation cannot be reduced to successive actions carried out on links. It is a rich and complex activity made up for the reader of defined waiting horizons, of cognitive patterns which are sometimes largely implicit and which function as frameworks of coherence. Thus, the hypertext link, which generates so much disorientation in an activity of information research and in the exploitation of documents with informative, explanatory or argumentative value, can turn out to be a formidable narrative efficiency in a narrative interactive. The interactive narrative is a particularly relevant object for understanding the way in which the frames inherited from a traditional form of reading are invested in the digital field, which are a source of coherence but which are simultaneously seen to be profoundly renewed by the exploitation of certain properties of hypertext devices for forensic text in courtroom context.