scholarly journals Kara śmierci za przestępstwa dewizowe w totalitarnym systemie komunistycznej Polski Ludowej

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-415
Author(s):  
Janusz Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
Foreign Currencies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gold Coins ◽  
Foreign Exchange Trading

The subject of the article is the penalisation of foreign exchange crimes in the Act of October 28, 1950 on the prohibition of possessing foreign currencies, gold coins, gold, and platinum, as well as the tightening of penalties for certain foreign exchange offenses. In this act, illegal foreign exchange trading was threatened with the most severe penalties, including the death penalty. The article contains a historical outline of liability for foreign exchange crime, from the legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic to the Fiscal Penal Code in force. The author pays special attention to the Act of 1950, which is a symbol of criminal law during the period of Stalinist repressions in Polish People’s Republic. The author introduces the atmosphere of those years, related to the currency reform and radical tightening of criminal liability for foreign exchange offenses, in particular for the illegal trade in foreign currencies. The article indicates the axiological foundations of applying penal repression in the economic area of the state, typical for the totalitarian system of the communist Polish People’s Republic.

Obywatele Unii Europejskiej – wyborcy Parlamentu Europejskiego – parlamentu ponadnarodowego

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Stefan Marek Grochalski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Direct Elections

Parliament – an institution of a democratic state – a member of the Union – is not only an authority but also, as in the case of the European Union, the only directly and universally elected representative body of the European Union. The article presents questions related to the essence of parliament and that of a supranational parliament which are vital while dealing with the subject matter. It proves that the growth of the European Parliament’s powers was the direct reason for departing from the system of delegating representatives to the Parliament for the benefit of direct elections. It presents direct and universal elections to the European Parliament in the context of presenting legal regulations applicable in this respect. It describes a new legal category – citizenship of the European Union – primarily in terms of active and passive suffrage to the European Parliament, as a political entitlement of a citizen of the European Union.

scholarly journals Reviewing judicial precedent No. 74.2.12-597 of general board of Iran’s supreme court

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 4738
Author(s):  
Parviz Dehghan
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Judicial Procedures

According to legal regulations, endorsers of a commercial document hold severally liable against its holder; and in this regard the holder too has some duties to perform. Among these duties, after the demand and protest for non-payment in legal time is litigation within a certain legal time. There are different opinions regarding inclusion of the guarantors in article 286 of Iran’s trade law and judicial procedures are also divided and vary, and according to some rulings of some branches of Iran’s Supreme Court, the guarantor is included in the subject of article 286 while some of the branches consider it outside of the article 286 subject. This difference resulted in the issuance of judicial precedent no. 597 on 1995 May 2nd which rules on the exclusion of the guarantor in the subject of article 286 inclusion. In this paper, along with reviewing the ruling, the guarantor inclusion-exclusion cases in the subject and ruling of article 286 of the Iran’s trade law is determined.

scholarly journals Tax Sanctions as the Institutions Conditioning Efficiency of Collecting Tax Information – Limits of Legal Regulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Paweł Majka
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality

<p>The subject of the study is to outline the boundaries within the legislator may sanction the obligations to provide information to tax authorities using tax sanctions. The author analyzes tax sanctions as instruments guaranteeing the effectiveness of legal norms related to information obligations in the light of the protection of the taxpayer’s rights. In the author’s opinion, there is a clear outline of the possible shape of the sanction, which limits the legislator in excessive interference with the rights of taxpayers. These limits, both in national and international law, are determined primarily by the principle of proportionality, which is decisive for the degree of discomfort associated with the application of sanctions. It should be indicated that the shape limits of these sanctions, characterized in this study, guarantee, in turn, the protection of the rights of these entities. At the same time, it should be emphasized that tax sanctions are, in principle, a complementary element of the system of the guarantees of the law effectiveness and the legislator deciding on their wider use should properly balance the degree of “saturation” of tax law with sanctions taking into account its nature.</p>

scholarly journals Teoretyczne założenia crowdfundingu oraz jego regulacje prawne w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Michał Biela
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Third ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Desk Research

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja założeń teoretycznych oraz praktycznej implementacji koncepcji alternatywnych źródeł finansowania społecznościowego w Polsce i Unii Europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów formalno-prawnych crowdfundingu. Artykuł składa się z trzech części: w pierwszej opisano założenia definicyjne i koncepcyjne crowdfundingu, w drugiej przedstawiono propozycję zmiany ram regulacyjnych finansowania społecznościowego, przygotowanych przez instytucje Unii Europejskiej, natomiast trzecia zawiera uregulowania prawne finansowania społecznościowego w Polsce. W artykule jako metodę badawczą zastosowano desk research, której implementacja umożliwiła analizę istniejącej literatury przedmiotu. Theoretical assumptions of crowdfunding and its legal regulations in the European Union and in PolandThe aim of this article is to present the theoretical assumptions and practical implementation of the concept of alternative sources of funding in Poland and in the European Union, with emphasis on the formal and legal aspects of crowdfunding. The article consists of three parts. The first part describes the definition and conceptual assumptions of crowdfunding. The second part presents a proposal to change the crowdfunding regulatory framework at the European Union level. The third part includes legal regulations for crowdfunding in Poland. In the article, desk research was used as a research method, the implementation of which enabled the analysis of the existing literature on the subject.

scholarly journals Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Béla Csitei
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Driving Cars

After clarifying the concepts of automated and autonomous vehicles, the purpose of the study is to investigate how reasonable the criminal sanction is arising from accidents caused by autonomous vehicles. The next question to be answered is that the definition of the crime according to the Hungarian law may be applied in case of traffic related criminal offences caused by automated and autonomous vehicles. During my research I paid special attention to two essential elements of criminal offence, namely the human act and guilt. Furthermore, I strived for finding solution for the next problem, as well: if the traffic related criminal offence is committed by driving an autonomous vehicle, how to define the subject of criminal liability.

scholarly journals Personality Disoder and Their Judicial- Psychiatric-estimation of the Russian Federation

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
S. Vasyukov ◽  
A. Baeva
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Diminished Responsibility

In modern Russian criminal law means diminished responsibility, that the subject is not capable to regulate meaningly legally significant behaviour at the moment of socially dangerous act. Such disability comes at presence if the subject has the chronic or time mental disorder, an aphrenia or other disease state of mentality. The specified clinical phenomena define medical criterion of diminished responsibility. Special interest represents disorders which in ICD- 10 concern to «Personality Disorders» (F60-F68). Here mental disorders which have no so-called remedial basis are meant, or in their structure it is impossible to note signs of weakening process. At the same time they not only qualitatively differ from the accepted norm, but also under known conditions possess that depth or expression that can be regarded as medical criterion of the formula of diminished responsibility. The research which has been spent in the Department of psychogenias and personality disorders of Institute of Serbsky included 80 men at the age from 20 till 45 years by which the diagnosis «Personality disorder» was established. It has shown that there can be 3 variants of influence on responsibility: they can cause full loss of liability; can essentially reduce the criminal liability; their presence can be neutral and not render influences on liability. The analysis of expert judgements shows, that in expert judgements about disability of the subject to regulate the behaviour meaningly it is necessary to estimate components both medical, and psychological criteria of diminished responsibility.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIII (2) ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Rafał Baum
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Subject

This article was created to present a broader, more critical view of the idea and concept of sustainable development, which has dominated the discourse on development for several decades. Based on the analysis of the literature on the subject, an attempt was made to state and explain how the original assumptions of the concept should be understood today. The most important contemporary challenges related to sustainable development have been identified. First, a historical analysis of the concepts of development and sustainable development was conducted, based on which it could be noticed that the original assumptions of the ideas have been forgotten. Then, the main dimensions (areas) of sustainable development in the literature of the last thirty years were examined. It has been noticed that the dimensions and their relations were very varied, and, first of all, defined in a rather general way. In an attempt to overcome that inaccuracy, efforts have been made to define the dimensions of sustainable development in a more precise way. Based on the analysis of the literature of the subject, it was determined that it was necessary to define the concept of sustainable development in a broader way, through the prism of 6 hierarchical dimensions: an expanded and modified economic area, a social justice area, an area of environment, an area of needs and rights, a democracy area as well as an area of long-term perspective and relations. The performed research confirmed that if sustainable development was to represent the most important current and future development issues, it should be structured around the key demands raised by scientists.

From the bureau of forced labor to the criminal-executive inspections

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Ольга Васильевна Коростылёва
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Legal Character

В статье рассматривается история становления и развития учреждений и органов, исполняющих уголовные наказания и иные меры уголовно-правового характера, не связанные с изоляцией от общества. После Октябрьской революции 1917 г. был актуализирован вопрос введения мер уголовной ответственности, не связанных с изоляцией осужденных от общества. Для исполнения указанных мер в 1919 г. было создано Бюро принудительных работ, которое со временем было переименовано в инспекции исправительно-трудовых работ. В настоящее время, с 1996 г., инспекции получили свое окончательное наименование - уголовно-исполнительные инспекции. На протяжении своего существования инспекции меняли только наименование, но и ведомственную принадлежность. Уголовно-исполнительные инспекции являются учреждением, исполняющим наибольшее количество уголовных наказаний и иных мер уголовно-правового характера, установленных уголовным законодательством, а также реализуют меры процессуального учреждения, связанные с применением системы электронного мониторинга подконтрольных лиц. Проведен анализ нормативного регулирования на предмет законодательного закрепления института учреждений, исполняющих наказания, альтернативные лишению свободы, в преддверии празднования 100-летнего юбилея существования уголовно-исполнительных инспекций. The article deals with the history of the formation and development of institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties and other criminal law measures not related to isolation from society. After the October revolution of 1917, the issue of introducing criminal liability measures not related to the isolation of convicts from society was actualized. For execution of these measures, in 1919, established the Office of forced labor, which eventually was renamed in the inspection of hard labor. At present, since 1996, the inspections have received their final name - criminal Executive inspections. Throughout its existence, the inspection changed only the name, but also departmental affiliation. Criminal-Executive inspections are the institution executing the greatest number of criminal punishments and other measures of criminal-legal character established by the criminal legislation, and also realizes the measures of procedural organization connected with application of system of electronic monitoring of under control persons. The analysis of normative regulation on the subject of legislative consolidation of the institution of institutions executing punishment alternative to imprisonment on the eve of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the existence of criminal and Executive inspections.

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