ASM FEATURES BASED OSTEOPOROSIS IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Osteoporosis disorder is exhibited by skeletal fractures in old age people. Ithas been developed into a serious health care issue in women. Low BMD (bone mineral density)showsprimary cause ofOsteoporosis.TheOsteoporosisdetection in the early stage is necessary to take precautionary steps. Here we have proposed a system to detectOsteoporosis in the rst stage. The input DXA images are considered; in the preprocessing steps, the viewed input image is resized and de-noised using the NLMF method. The preprocessed imagesare considered for segmentation. ROI segmented in the ROI, High energy, low energy, and low BMDfeatures are considered. The extracted features are trained using SVM classiers, and based on the features Osteoporosis affected, and non-affected is classied.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: REVIEW

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. Increasing clinical incidence of antimicrobial resistance is a major global health care issue and the situation is perhaps aggravated in developing countries. Although, AMR is a major health care issue, there is a shortage of documented information on it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the causes or risk factors, problems, mechanisms and control of antimicrobial resistance. The resistance problem can be seen simplistically as an equation with two main components: the antibiotic or antimicrobial drug, which inhibits susceptible organisms and selects the resistant ones; and the genetic resistance determinant in microorganisms selected by the antimicrobial drug. Antimicrobial resistance is associated with high mortality rates and high medical costs and has a significant impact on the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. To appreciate the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to understand how antimicrobial agents act. The resistance mechanisms therefore depend on which specific pathways are inhibited by the drugs and the alternative ways available for those pathways that the organisms can modify to get a way around in order to survive. A comprehensive strategy is necessary to address the challenges that accompany the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance. Special vigilance must now be paid to appropriate selection and timing of antimicrobial agents as a major force in reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Prevention and control of these infections will require new antimicrobial agents, prudent use of existing agents, new vaccines, and enhanced public health efforts to reduce transmission.

Violence against Women as a Health Care Issue

Women often approach health facilities to seek treatment for health consequences emerging out of violence. Health facilities are also mandated by several laws in India to play a therapeutic and forensic role in responding to women facing violence. Despite India being a signatory to international treaties, health professionals are unable to respond to violence owing to their own biases and misconceptions related to the issue. The chapter discusses the prevalence of violence against women, the resultant health consequences, and perceptions of health professionals towards this violence. While doing so the chapter raises concerns about the lack of institutionalised health care response and draws attention to the policy gaps that keeps the government from committing itself to ending all forms of violence against women.

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Diverticular Disease

Colonic diverticular disease is a common health care issue which has historically been attributed to western countries and older age population. Recent studies have shown a rise in incidence among developing countries that have adopted western diets as well as rise in prevalence among younger patients. In this article, the authors discuss the incidence, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of colonic diverticular disease.