The most “personal” genre of Old Russian literature

The paper attempts to identify the originality of epistolary genre against the background of other genres of Old Russian literature, which, as is known, was characterized by the interaction of genres, genre synthesis. The message stands out against the general background as the most “personal” genre. It articulates quite clearly the situation of communication of, as a rule, two specific personalities — addresser and addressee. It is thereby very targeted and situational, focused on the needs and goals of participants in the epistolary dialogue. It more or less actualizes the images of both communicants. The author of the letter enjoys freedom in choosing the self-characteristics and characteristics of the addressee, in choosing the forms of addressing the latter as well as choosing the composition of the text, etc. However in reality the “personality” of the epistolary genre is reserved and rather arbitrary. Addressers to addressees, widely varying in the whole body of messages, differ, in essence, only in form. In content, they are synonymous. They carry not so much personal as depersonalized, transpersonal characteristics, usual for ancient Russian literature, reflecting social situation, spiritual relations of the participants in correspondence (spiritual father / spiritual child, etc.), etc. They reflected in their own way the requirement of etiquette of epistolary communication established in the era of antiquity and involving complementarity of appeals to the addressee. Thus, the “personality” of the message, on the one hand, ensured its organic inclusion in the system of genres of ancient Russian literature. On the other hand, it allowed him to preserve and develop characteristic features that distinguished the epistolary genre from antiquity and could provide him with a future at a time when the genre system would lose its synthetics, each of them would have to defend its right to autonomy; but at the same time, “personality” was fraught with a danger of exclusion of the epistolary genre from literature.

Helsinki parks and squares as the city dominant

Статья посвящена парковой архитектуре Хельсинки, где общая площадь парков и скверов составляет 30 процентов территории. Внимание автора сосредоточено на парках центральной части города: ландшафтных, прогулочных, ботанических, приморских, то есть предназначенных для всех возрастных групп населения. Почти все они относятся к разряду пейзажных. В качестве особенностей парков Хельсинки автор отмечает взаимодействие природной среды и архитектурных форм, а также использование рельефа местности холмисто-скального, приморского или лесистого. Важное значение имеет и тот факт, что большая часть общегородских зеленых территорий формировалась одновременно с получением городом статуса столицы Финляндии. Автор также рассматривает как обязательный элемент оформления паркового пространства Хельсинки скульптуру: анималистическую, историко-культурную, символическую. Все это в комплексе с органичным включением парковых зон в городскую среду, естественным взаимодействием с городской архитектурой, функциональностью и разноплановостью позволяет считать общегородские парки и скверы одной из доминант столицы Финляндии. The article is devoted to the park architecture of Helsinki, where the total area of parks and squares is 30 percent of the territory. The author focused on the parks of the central part of the city: landscape, recreational, botanical, coastal, that is, intended for all age groups of the population. Almost all of them belong to the category of landscape. As features of Helsinki parks, the author notes the interaction of the natural environment and architectural forms, as well as the use of the terrain hilly-rocky, coastal or wooded. Of great importance is the fact that most of the citywide green areas were formed at the same time that the city received the status of the capital of Finland. The author also considers sculpture: animalistic, historical-cultural, symbolic, as an obligatory element of designing the Helsinki park space. All this in combination with the organic inclusion of park zones in the urban environment, natural interaction with urban architecture, functionality and diversity allows us to consider citywide parks and squares as one of the dominant capital of Finland.

НАПРЯМИ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ FASHION-ОБЄКТІВ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО ФАКТОРУ

У зв’язку з техногенним забрудненням, що набуло катастрофічних масштабів, актуалізувалась ідея органічного включення створених людиною продуктів в оточуюче середовище. Цю тенденцію в виробництві одягу найчастіше називають «екомодою». Наведено огляд публікацій, у яких досліджено поняття «екодизайн» в різних галузях. Уточнено визначення «екомода», виявлено різницю в поняттях «стала мода», «повільна мода», «етична мода». Зазначено, що урахування еко-фактору в процесі проектування повинен охоплювати весь цикл створення та функціонування виробу. Здійснена спроба систематизувати та класифікувати направлення, за якими розвивається «екодизайн» в модній індустрії в залежності від груп вимог: екологізація виробництва, екологізація матеріалів, екологізація реалізації, екологізація споживання. Розглянуті відомі бренди, що працюють в даних напрямах, описані їх методи, прийоми та досягнення.Ключові слова: екомода, екодизайн, сталий дизайн, екологічний одяг, екологічна мода, fashion-індустрія. In connection with environment pollution, which has become catastrophic, the idea of the organic inclusion of human-created products into the environment has become relevant. This tendency in clothing production is often called «eco-fashion». In this article the review of publications in which was studied the concept of «eco-design» in various industries. Also there is specified concept of «eco-fashion», the differences in the concepts of «sustainable fashion», «slow fashion», and «ethical fashion» are defined as well as noted that to ensure the eco-component, the design process must cover all cycle of creation and functioning of the product. There is made an attempt to systematize and classify the directions in which the «eco-design» in fashion industry is evolving depending on the groups of requirements: greening production, greening materials, greening realization, greening consumption. There are considered famous brands that work in these areas and described methods, techniques and achievements. Key words: eco-fashion, eco-design, sustainable fashion, ecological clothing, eco-friendly fashion, fashion industry.

Application of Organic Inclusion in Hydrocarbon Exploration

Inclusion as a research method was mainly applied in the study of mineral deposit geology in the beginning. In recent years, organic inclusion research has become one of the important means in hydrocarbon exploration. The study of the inclusion can determine the role of diagenesis and reservoir of time and temperature, infer hydrocarbon migration, tectonic movement and paleo-heat flow history, in order to better guide hydrocarbon exploration. This paper mainly discussed research method of hydrocarbon inclusions type and oil and gas inclusion, and summarizes the inclusion of the fracture structure used to study and hydrocarbon accumulation relations, determines the gas accumulation time, evaluate hydrocarbon, calculate fluid potential, predict oil and gas accumulation zones, and other aspects of the role. Inclusions found early, at first is mainly applied in the study of mineral deposit geology. Since Marray (1957) discovered larger hydrocarbon inclusions in quartz especially[1], in the 70 s, with the development of oil geochemical, the minerals fluid inclusions in the oil field geological research has been widely used. G. m. Gigashvili and v. p. Kalish in 1977 are the first to report the use of mineral inclusions as the hydrocarbons containing hydrocarbon migration of physical and chemical condition of fluid of the index. At the beginning of the 80's, the technology has already been foreign research institutions and oil company are widely used in reservoir the diagenesis of research and oil and gas exploration [2,3,4]. China has begun to set up in the 1960 s, the early main inclusions laboratory to research various metal hydrothermal ore deposits in the ore-forming temperature and the composition of the ore-forming fluid. ShiJiXi (1985,1987) will fluid inclusions method is used to study the carbonate formation of China and the thermal evolution degree, division of hydrocarbon generation evolutionary stages, according to package the body type, distribution, homogenization temperature, salinity, gas organic composition various inclusions observation and analysis data put forward the carbonate hydrocarbon source rocks and oil and gas reservoir has performance evaluation method and hydrocarbon index[2,5,6]. In petroleum exploration, through[[ First Author: Huiqing Liu (1980－), male, doctoral students, Major: mineralogy petrology mineralogy,E-mail:[email protected]]] the study of the sandstone reservoir formation of diagenetic minerals fluid inclusions, and combining with the chip observation to judge whether have oil and gas migration to reservoir, and oil and gas accumulation of time, ancient geothermal, formation water such as the salinity has a very important significance