Chemical genetic analyses of compounds derived from feijoa fruit

<p>Nature has been a rich source of pharmaceutical compounds, producing 80% of our currently prescribed drugs. The feijoa plant, Acca sellowiana, is classified in the family Myrtaceae, native to South America, and currently grown worldwide to produce feijoa fruit. Compounds with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities have been isolated from feijoa; however, the diversity of these compounds is not known nor is the mechanism of action of any of these compounds. I hypothesized that identifying compounds in novel feijoa cultivars would improve our understanding of the chemical diversity of antifungal compounds in feijoa and determining the antifungal mechanism of action of feijoa compounds would provide insight into the pharmaceutical potential of these compounds. First, GC-MS analyses were used to obtain an unbiased profile of 151 compounds from 16 cultivars of feijoa, of which six were novel cultivars. Multivariate analysis distinguished 18 compounds that were significantly and positively correlated to antifungal activity based on growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of which seven had not previously been described from feijoa. Two novel cultivars were identified as the most bioactive cultivars, and the compound 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione found in a couple of cultivars was potently antifungal against human pathogenic isolates of four Candida species. Second, chemical genetic analyses were used to investigate the mechanism of action of estragole, an antifungal compound previously isolated from feijoa. The chemical genetic profile of estragole was distinct from that of other known antifungal compounds, suggesting the mechanism of action of estragole has a novel antifungal mechanism. Third, chemical genetic analyses were used to investigate the mechanism of action of an ethanol adduct of vescalagin (EtOH-vescalagin) isolated from feijoa. We showed EtOH-vescalagin is antifungal against human pathogenic strains. Genome-wide chemical genetic analyses of EtOH-vescalagin indicated antifungal activity is mediated by disruptions of iron homeostasis, zinc homeostasis and retromer recycling through iron chelation. Overall, these results indicate the chemical and biological value of feijoa as a source of antifungal drugs.</p>

Chemical genetic analyses of compounds derived from feijoa fruit

<p>Nature has been a rich source of pharmaceutical compounds, producing 80% of our currently prescribed drugs. The feijoa plant, Acca sellowiana, is classified in the family Myrtaceae, native to South America, and currently grown worldwide to produce feijoa fruit. Compounds with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities have been isolated from feijoa; however, the diversity of these compounds is not known nor is the mechanism of action of any of these compounds. I hypothesized that identifying compounds in novel feijoa cultivars would improve our understanding of the chemical diversity of antifungal compounds in feijoa and determining the antifungal mechanism of action of feijoa compounds would provide insight into the pharmaceutical potential of these compounds. First, GC-MS analyses were used to obtain an unbiased profile of 151 compounds from 16 cultivars of feijoa, of which six were novel cultivars. Multivariate analysis distinguished 18 compounds that were significantly and positively correlated to antifungal activity based on growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of which seven had not previously been described from feijoa. Two novel cultivars were identified as the most bioactive cultivars, and the compound 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione found in a couple of cultivars was potently antifungal against human pathogenic isolates of four Candida species. Second, chemical genetic analyses were used to investigate the mechanism of action of estragole, an antifungal compound previously isolated from feijoa. The chemical genetic profile of estragole was distinct from that of other known antifungal compounds, suggesting the mechanism of action of estragole has a novel antifungal mechanism. Third, chemical genetic analyses were used to investigate the mechanism of action of an ethanol adduct of vescalagin (EtOH-vescalagin) isolated from feijoa. We showed EtOH-vescalagin is antifungal against human pathogenic strains. Genome-wide chemical genetic analyses of EtOH-vescalagin indicated antifungal activity is mediated by disruptions of iron homeostasis, zinc homeostasis and retromer recycling through iron chelation. Overall, these results indicate the chemical and biological value of feijoa as a source of antifungal drugs.</p>

The Antifungal Mechanism of Isoxanthohumol from Humulus lupulus Linn.

Humulus lupulus Linn. is a traditional medicinal and edible plant with several biological properties. The aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of H. lupulus ethanolic extract; (2) to study the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of isoxanthohumol, an isoprene flavonoid from H. lupulus, against Botrytis cinerea; and (3) to explore the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol on B. cinerea. The present data revealed that the ethanolic extract of H. lupulus exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the five tested phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, and isoxanthohumol showed highly significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea, with an EC50 value of 4.32 µg/mL. Meanwhile, it exhibited moderate to excellent protective and curative efficacies in vivo. The results of morphologic observation, RNA-seq, and physiological indicators revealed that the antifungal mechanism of isoxanthohumol is mainly related to metabolism; it affected the carbohydrate metabolic process, destroyed the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and hindered the generation of ATP by inhibiting respiration. Further studies indicated that isoxanthohumol caused membrane lipid peroxidation, thus accelerating the death of B. cinerea. This study demonstrates that isoxanthohumol can be used as a potential botanical fungicide for the management of phytopathogenic fungi.

Preliminary Study on Antifungal Mechanism of Aqueous Extract of Cnidium monnieri Against Trichophyton rubrum

Trichoderma rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the important pathogens because it is the cause of most dermatomycosis. The treatment of Trichophyton rubrum infection is time-consuming and very expensive; it is easy for the infections to reoccur, leading to therapeutic failures, persistence, and chronic infection. These issues have inspired researchers to study natural alternative therapies instead. Cnidium monnieri (L.), as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, has a variety of pharmacological activities and a wide range of applications, so it has a high potential for researching and economic value. We detected the effect of aqueous extract of C. monnieri (L.) on the activity of T. rubrum by Cell Count Kit-8 assay (CCK-8), and we found that 128 and 256 μg/ml of aqueous extracts of C. monnieri (L.) co-cultured with T. rubrum for 24 h showed the inhibitory effect on T. rubrum. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that aqueous extract of C. monnieri (L.) damaged the T. rubrum. At the same time, mass spectrometry screening with T. rubrum before and after the treatment of 256 μg/ml of aqueous extracts of C. monnieri (L.) showed that 966 differentially expressed proteins were detected, including 524 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 442 downregulated DEGs. The most significantly downregulated protein was chitin synthase (CHS); and the results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting demonstrated that the expression level of CHS was downregulated in the 256 μg/ml group compared with the control group. The study showed that the aqueous extract of C. monnieri (L.) could destroy the morphology of mycelia and the internal structure of T. rubrum, and it could inhibit the growth of T. rubrum. The antifungal effect of aqueous extract of C. monnieri (L.) may be related to the downregulation of the expression of CHS in T. rubrum, and CHS may be one of the potential targets of its antifungal mechanism. We concluded that aqueous extract from C. monnieri (L.) may be a potential candidate for antifungal agents.