Interdependence of constructive and settlement schemes of the building

At the design stage is very important for the formation of the reliability of any building is the stage of formation of the design model of the building, which is the basis for the construction of its load-bearing elements. The main at this stage is the adequacy of the adopted calculation model to the actual design scheme. A very important condition for assessing the actual operation of the building is to take into account the joint work of the upper part of the building (frame) with the foundations and soil base. The article examines some problems in the operation of structures, which are related to the choice of design models used in their design, on the example of a 9-storey parking lot built in the early 2000s on Pobeda Square in Kyiv. Chi-rural studies using PC LIRA-CAD analyzed the impact of joint work of the framework and foundations on the efforts at their contact. It was found that: - the impact of joint work of the frame and foundations is significant and is manifested only within a few lower floors of the frame; - taking into account the nonlinear operation of reinforced concrete structures in most cases significantly reduces the calculated forces at peak points - concentrators; - in the design process it is necessary to consider and analyze the variant design solutions of the system.

Settlement Schemes and their Implication on Eastern Mau Water Catchment, Kenya

Settlement schemes are aimed at settling landless people and those displaced by disasters to support socio-economic and environmental development of a country. Eastern Mau Forest Reserve is an important water catchment that has settlement schemes established, which has led to encroachments and degradation of the catchment. This paper, therefore, assesses the implications of human settlements on Eastern Mau water catchment by examining the trends in land use/cover change and river flows for four decades. Primary data was collected from key informant interviews based on purposive sampling whereas secondary data was derived from Landsat satellite images over a 10-year period and analysed using Maximum Likelihood Function from ArcGIS. Data on river flows from River Njoro was obtained from Water Resources Authority Office in Nakuru. Rainfall and temperature data were obtained from Kenya Meteorological Station in Nakuru. Time series analysis is used to understand the trend in river flows over time while Pearson correlation is used to determine relationship between farmlands and river flows. The results indicate a sharp decline in forest cover by 42.7% and an increase in farmlands by 41%. Dense vegetation and farmlands have an inverse relationship as an increase in farmlands lead to a decrease in forest cover. People have settled beyond the established settlement schemes boundaries leading to encroachment and drying up of some rivers. There is also an increase in rainfall and river flows over the years, with monthly river flows increasing in peak flows and declining during low seasons. There is a positive correlation between farmlands and river flows between 1989 and 2020. There is need for regeneration of encroached areas and defining boundary of Eastern Mau to allow initiatives and interventions that help with sustainable management of the catchment area.

Finding a Fair Heat Settlement Model

In this report, we investigate optimal strategies for fair heat settlement schemes in apartment buildings heated by externally powered radiators and pipes. We use mathematical modelling to predict the distribution of heat among apartments taking into account heat flow through the building walls and external conditions. We use both deterministic and statistical approaches.

Impact of Imbalance Pricing on Variable Renewable Energies with Different Prediction Accuracies: A Korean Case

Although the Korean government plans to increase its share of variable renewable energies (VREs), the Korean power market is not sufficiently mature to accommodate a large increase in VRE generation. Thus, the Korean system operator plans to introduce a two-settlement, and an imbalance settlement is also under consideration, among several options. Therefore, this study analyzes how many incentives are given for prediction accuracy under several imbalance settlement schemes adopted from European and US power markets. Results show that the imbalance settlement consisting of threshold and penalty terms is useful for rule-makers, who can control revenue differences between the groups with different prediction accuracies by adjusting the two terms. The suggestion given in the paper will be useful for not only the Korean power market but also for the countries that plan to establish the imbalance settlement rules while increasing renewable energy.

The 'Mallee-Made Man': Making Masculinity in the Mallee Lands of South Eastern Australia, 1890-1940

The southern Australian Mallee is a broad ecoregion comprising distinct landscapes, and the clearing and farming of these lands have presented specific challenges to generations of white settlers. Cultivation of this region was characterised as 'one of the most strenuous and resolute battles with Nature'. So began the shaping of an enduring mythology around the 'Mallee man'. In the context of the settler state, this mythology was forged through race, place and gender, with devastating environmental consequences. It has been consistently evoked to suggest that the specific environment of the Mallee worked to produce a special type of 'home grown' masculinity. At the same time, the State sought to provide a particular type of man to work the Mallee lands. This article examines the ways ideas about masculinity shaped men's engagement with the environment and the impact of government settlement schemes on both the myth and lives of Mallee men.

Between Violence, Racism and Reform: São Tomé e Príncipe in the Great Depression Years (1930–1937)

The effects of the Great Depression on the important cocoa plantation sector of the archipelago of São Tomé e Príncipe – a Portuguese colonial laboratory for social change in plantation agriculture shifting between coercive practices and attempts at accommodation – were drastic: initially backed by a right-wing authoritarian government, plantation managements lowered workers’ wages and made already repressive conditions of worker exploitation worse. This article highlights the processes of degradation in plantation workers' life. However, in ways that might seem paradox at first glance, the crisis years of the 1930s also opened the ways to changes in social experiences in the plantations. Labour inspectors were increasingly called upon to scrutinize existing abuses on the plantations, and although this might have been in the first phase simply lip service to certain international debates on good standards in colonialism, inspectors internalized the need for reform and turned out to be critical observers. At the same time, the workers expanded their repertoire of responses – from individual resistance to ever better-organized escape strategies and the manipulation of offers of settlement schemes for small groups of workers. By 1937, these trends were important precursors to changes that would achieve their full impact in the 1950s.

Capital, Conversion, and Settler Colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon

Viewing capitalism as emerging primarily from within the framework of empire rather than the nation state, this essay considers the relationship between capital, conversion, and settler colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon, or Over the Range (1872). It looks, first, at the novel’s critique of Wakefieldian organized settlement schemes as systems sustained by various forms of capital accumulation and free/unfree labour; and second, at its over-arching evangelical conversion narrative, which both frames and structures the main body of the text. The essay argues that, far from directing its satire wholly or even primarily towards metropolitan Britain, the novel enacts two circulating mid-nineteenth-century settler colonial anxieties: concerns about a perceived crisis of diminishing industriousness and economic exhaustion in colonial Australia and New Zealand, and concerns about the efficacy of British humanitarianism and missionary conversion. It considers the former in the context of the disruptions to settlement caused by the gold rushes in Australia and New Zealand in the 1850s and 1860s, and the latter in the context of missionary and humanitarian efforts to ameliorate conditions for Indigenous peoples from the 1830s onwards. The essay’s larger claim is that Erewhon presents capital and conversion as structurally interconnected mechanisms of an evolving Anglo-settler state in New Zealand. Radicalizing a tradition of economic critique of empire beginning with Adam Smith, Butler satirizes the idea of colonialism as an essentially liberal system by showing how much it is intertwined with exploitative practices of territorial expansion, dispossession, capital accumulation, unfree labour, missionary conversion, and racial assimilation.