VALUE DILEMMA: SOVIET IDEOLOGY AND MODERN CULTURE

This article describes the foundations of Soviet ideology, theoretical and practical layers of the concept of scientific atheism, solutions and principles of Bolshevik politics. This characteristic is a definition showing how and what ideological speculative methods were used in the field of Javitology, formulated on a scientific basis. The patterns of Soviet ideological interpretations of the doctrine, culture, heritage, path, philosophy, history are defined. The dilemma between the values of modern culture and Soviet scientific atheism was conducted on a philosophical level. And some kind of clairvoyant concept was used for anti-religious agitation groups in Soviet politics.

The Setting

This chapter describes how in the 1920s to 1930s, the Soviet state attempted to eradicate religion by targeting the most visible forms of devotional life. Tens of thousands of religious elites were arrested and executed; holy objects were seized; and churches, mosques, and synagogues were converted into granaries, warehouses, and museums of “Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism.” Meanwhile, Soviet populations were inundated with anti-religious propaganda, as local branches of the state-backed League of Militant Atheists proliferated. The chapter goes on to show how in the war years, however, religious repression ceased. The arrest and execution of religious figures was almost entirely curtailed. A pivotal moment came in 1943, when Stalin invited three Metropolitans of the Russian Orthodox Church to a late-night meeting in Moscow and offered them a “new deal,” allowing for unprecedented religious freedoms.

ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC ATHEISM IN NIKITA SERGEYEVICH KRUSHCHEV’S ANTIRELIGIC CAMPAIGN

The 20th century brought many interesting occurrences Russia. One of that occurrence is also changing governance type and creating new country called Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In this country which existed from 1917 to 1991, position of Orthodox church and other religic communities was bad and hard. For achiving their idea about destroying religion, members of government used many different techniques which were gradually setted- from cruel physical extermination of belivers to try as many as it is possible people refuse religion because of scientific atheism. One of phases in persecution Church in USSR’s area was campaign that was conducted from Nikita Sergeyevich Krushchev. The biggest rememberance on this phase was applying scientific atheism and consequences of this phase are felt in today Russia.

Evolutionary theology: a new chapter in the relations between theology and science

Despite many arduous attempts to reconcile the separation between theology and science, the common ground where these two areas of intellectual inquiry could converge has not been fully identified yet. The purpose of this paper is to use evolutionary theology as the new and unique framework in which science and theology are indeed brought into coherent alignment. The major step in this effort is to acknowledge that theology can no longer dialogue with science but must assume science and its method as its conceptual foundation. This approach successfully does away with any tensions that may arise between the two disciplines and establishes a firm ground on which neither of them will turn into ideology. Moreover, it enables the dialogue with contemporary scientific atheism on solid grounds and the restoration of the credibility of theology in the secularist culture of the day.

Secularism: The Golden Lie

In contemporary rhetoric, secularism, modernity, and atheism are invoked as the end of a linear narrative of historical progress, but with the anthropological insights of Bruno Latour regarding scientific atheism, Graham Ward argues that secularism and modernity are abstract, mythological concepts, a “golden lie” upon which the modern state is built (as in Plato’s Republic). Latour recognized the exclusion of the concept of “God” in scientific investigation, while at the same time scientists raised the level of “fact” to that which is absolutely true (i.e., outside of time and space). In a similar way, the demythologizing project of the Enlightenment sought to exclude religious traditions and history from the modern, secular state, but in the process, it developed a new mythology of the anti- or a-religious that began circa 1500. Instead, the basic concepts of this worldview, such as the “immanent frame,” the “buffered self,” disenchantment, and “exclusive humanism” imply their own falsehood. Even the French laicité has shifted from an antagonism toward religion to an attempted neutrality for the sake of inclusivity and the bureaucratic state.

Transformation of Scientific Atheism in the Late USSR and Post-Soviet Russia

In order to improve the conceptual apparatus of epistemology, it is important not only to accumulate variations in thought experiments, to use them for clarifying the key points of reference theory and the degree of ontological assumptions made together with the language usage, but also to question the appeal of explanatory properties of empirical methods for the development of knowledge about the mental states of the “other Self”. This article is divided into two parts: the first one is a theoretical substantiation of the change in the focus of understanding religious experience problem; the second one centres around an example that demonstrates the need to address thought experiments at the stage of identification of human experiences, called religious, since only these experiences grant the opportunity to “expand our own reflexive understanding of the features of our own conceptual scheme” (Stroson, 2009: 97)

INTEGRITY IN SOCIAL HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES AS A PHILOSOPHICAL&METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEM

The main determinants of scientific integrity are considered in the article: moral and ethical; religious and ideological; philosophical and methodological; political and legal; social with criminogenic inclusive; technical and technological; advertising and marketing. The main attention is drawn to the crisis in the social and humanitarian sciences which in Ukrainian conditions can be explained in the broad sense by the legacy of the Soviet past, when the social humanitarian sciences (the social sciences and the humanities in western understanding) were predominantly promoted with ideological goals. The quasi scientific practice that drove in Soviet times was the practice of artificial scientification of various political doctrines and ideologies based on the «one correct doctrine» — Marxism-Leninism («scientific communism»; «scientific atheism», etc.). Competing doctrines declared unscientific. At the more late time, the manifestations of scientific malpractice are commercial facilitated researches. To this over-commercialization and over-politicization factors we must add the relativism of the postmodern worldview with its dubious «post-truth» ideal. The article suggests various ways and methods solving the problem of strengthening the scientific integrity: philosophical; moral&ethical; political&legal; corporate-administrative.