Households’ credit demand: Main trends and characteristics for Ukraine

Household demand for credits is quite volatile, which requires constant evaluation of it changes. The purpose of the paper is to identify quantitative signals, the use of which increases the predictability of the credit market development. The study utilizes technical analysis methods for an econometric estimation of trends in household demand for credits in Ukraine for the 2002–2019 period. Based on the analysis of historical market lows, it was argued that with all the negative effects of destabilizing factors, the household demand for loans will not fall below the market support point of UAH 50 million. The financial behavior of Ukrainian households when choosing the type of loan is stable and does not change with fluctuations in GDP. Short-term loans are quite dynamic and largely depend on macroeconomic conditions, provoking market movements. If the relevant direction is supported by medium-term loans, the general market trend will correspond to the GDP trend. The demand for long-term loans is quite inertial, its change does not affect the overall market trend. The constant and variable elements of household demand for credit are highlighted.

Household Demand Analysis for Pakistan: Recent Evidence

The objective of this study is to analyze household demand system for Pakistan by estimating various elasticities of demand. This study combines nine different rounds of Household Integrated Economic Survey data to estimate Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Household level data are supplemented with rich price information available for all the twelve months of the nine years. This approach yields efficient estimates of income and price elasticities, which are non-linear combinations of the parameters of AIDS. Standard errors for all the elasticity estimates are computed on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations. The results show that household demand responses to income changes are similar between rural and urban households, while the response to price changes differ considerably. On average, rural households are found to be more responsive to price changes than the urban households. The study recommends that on equity grounds transport and communication and miscellaneous non-food goods and housing can be taxed more heavily as compared to other goods.

Review of Control and Energy Management Approaches in Micro-Grid Systems

The demand for electricity is increased due to the development of the industry, the electrification of transport, the rise of household demand, and the increase in demand for digitally connected devices and air conditioning systems. For that, solutions and actions should be developed for greater consumers of electricity. For instance, MG (Micro-grid) buildings are one of the main consumers of electricity, and if they are correctly constructed, controlled, and operated, a significant energy saving can be attained. As a solution, hybrid RES (renewable energy source) systems are proposed, offering the possibility for simple consumers to be producers of electricity. This hybrid system contains different renewable generators connected to energy storage systems, making it possible to locally produce a part of energy in order to minimize the consumption from the utility grid. This work gives a concise state-of-the-art overview of the main control approaches for energy management in MG systems. Principally, this study is carried out in order to define the suitable control approach for MGs for energy management in buildings. A classification of approaches is also given in order to shed more light on the need for predictive control for energy management in MGs.

HOUSEHOLD DEMAND FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES: REGIONAL ASPECT

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the features of the regional distribution of households demand for financial services and identification of factors and characteristics of such distribution. The authors undertook to fulfill this aim by dividing all regions in Ukraine into regions with household-donors and household-recipients. First of them are characterized by the predominance of household demand for financial services, which provide an increase in their financial costs. In Ukraine, 2/3 of the regions belong to the group of donor households. The rest belong to the group of regions with recipient households. In these regions, the demand for financial services, which causes an increase in financial resources of households, prevails. The analysis is based on data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and encompasses the period of 2017-2018. The k-means method was used to cluster the regions. The cluster, which brings together regions with a low overall description of households demand for financial services, is the largest. This place includes 14 (58.33%) of regions. The smallest is the cluster, which brings together regions with high household demand for financial services. It includes only 1 (4.17%) region of Ukraine. Based on this, the authors concluded that household demand for financial services was generally low. The authors tested the hypothesis about the type of distribution. It is proved that the demand of households for financial services in the regional context is distributed according to Poisson's law. According it high and very high demand per household is typical for only 8% of regions. The annual volume of financial services in the amount of UAH 245.88 is considered sufficient for most households in Ukraine, regardless of the region. The authors calculated the correlation coefficients between the volume of financial services used by households and the level of their income. Correlation coefficients were also calculated between the volume of household demand for financial services in a particular region and the value of gross regional product. Based on these calculations, the authors concluded that the volume of household demand for financial services does not depend on the level of household income or the level of gross regional product. This indicates the presence of certain non-economic factors that determine the distribution of regions according to the level of household demand for financial services. This indicates the presence of certain non-economic factors that determine the distribution of regions according to the level of household demand for financial services.

How Do Households Consume Energy?: Evidence from Latin American and Caribbean Countries

How do households consume and spend on energy? What are the drivers of their spending and consumption patterns? How does energy consumption has evolved? What is to be expected as the region climbs the development ladder? What are the distributive implications of different energy pricing approaches? This book looks at these questions and examines which policies work in reducing energy poverty and increasing energy savings. The authors unveil the growing household demand of better quality of energy and show that to achieve more cost-effective and progressive public policies, it is necessary to strengthen the transparency and sustainability of energy pricing while having into account the consumer behavioral responses. This volume is a resource for designing energy policies based on an empirical understanding of the household’s energy needs.