semantic variation
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The study investigates the stylistic features of English football news from the perspective of general stylistics. Stylistics, as a discipline based on modern linguistic theories, turns to studying non-literary texts from the perspective of stylistics. The study examines English football news from the three levels of stylistic analysis, namely lexis, syntax and semantics. Compared with other news types, English football news are less attracted to linguistics, and most of the previous studies are focused on the research of the title. This study employs samples of English football news from the official website of the 2018 World Cup in Russia. The findings of this study suggest that at the lexical level, the use of technical terms, abbreviation, nicknames, neologism and numbers highlights the uniqueness of English football news in lexical use, thereby saving space, increasing readability and narrowing the distance between news editors and readers; at the syntactic level, the special stylistic features of English football news are mainly reflected in the unmarked theme and singular form of a plural concept; and the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, hyperbole and personification to achieve semantic variation reflects the stylistic features of English football news at the semantic level.


The study investigates the stylistic features of English football news from the perspective of general stylistics. Stylistics, as a discipline based on modern linguistic theories, turns to studying non-literary texts from the perspective of stylistics. The study examines English football news from the three levels of stylistic analysis, namely lexis, syntax and semantics. Compared with other news types, English football news are less attracted to linguistics, and most of the previous studies are focused on the research of the title. This study employs samples of English football news from the official website of the 2018 World Cup in Russia. The findings of this study suggest that at the lexical level, the use of technical terms, abbreviation, nicknames, neologism and numbers highlights the uniqueness of English football news in lexical use, thereby saving space, increasing readability and narrowing the distance between news editors and readers; at the syntactic level, the special stylistic features of English football news are mainly reflected in the unmarked theme and singular form of a plural concept; and the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, hyperbole and personification to achieve semantic variation reflects the stylistic features of English football news at the semantic level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. A. Huisman ◽  
Roeland van Hout ◽  
Asifa Majid

Abstract Semantic variation in the cutting and breaking domain has been shown to be constrained across languages in a previous typological study, but it was unclear whether Japanese was an outlier in this domain. Here we revisit cutting and breaking in the Japonic language area by collecting new naming data for 40 videoclips depicting cutting and breaking events in Standard Japanese, the highly divergent Tohoku dialects, as well as four related Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama). We find that the Japonic languages recapitulate the same semantic dimensions attested in the previous typological study, confirming that semantic variation in the domain of cutting and breaking is indeed cross-linguistically constrained. We then compare our new Japonic data to previously collected Germanic data and find that, in general, related languages resemble each other more than unrelated languages, and that the Japonic languages resemble each other more than the Germanic languages do. Nevertheless, English resembles all of the Japonic languages more than it resembles Swedish. Together, these findings show that the rate and extent of semantic change can differ between language families, indicating the existence of lineage-specific developments on top of universal cross-linguistic constraints.


2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (09) ◽  
pp. 652-654
Author(s):  
Nazira Shamsiddinovna Amriddinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Martí ◽  
Shengyi Wu ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi ◽  
Celeste Kidd

Many social and legal conflicts come down to differences in semantics. Yet, semantic variation between individuals and people’s awareness of this variation have been relatively neglected by experimental psychology. Here, across two experiments, we quantify the amount of agreement and disagreement between ordinary semantic concepts in thepopulation, as well as people’s meta-cognitive awareness of these differences. We collect similarity ratings and feature judgements, and analyze them using a non-parametricclustering scheme with an ecological statistical estimator to infer the number of different meanings for the same word that is present in the population. We find that typically atleast ten to twenty variants of meanings exist for even common nouns, but that people are unaware of this variation. Instead, people exhibit a strong bias to erroneously believe that other people share their particular semantics, pointing to one factor that likely interfereswith political and social discourse.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. В. Козловская

В статье использован когнитивный подход к терминологии, в рамках которого термин рассматри-вается как компонент динамической модели языка для специальных целей, диалектически сочетаю-щий в себе стабильную знаковую форму и постоянное переосмысление содержание. Содержатель-ное варьирование термина обусловлено сложностью семантики термина, а также диалектическим характером познания.Цель статьи – выявить и лингвистически обосновать различия в понятийном наполнении тер-мина космизм в разных областях знания. Для решения этой научной задачи произведен анализ контекстуальных определений и выявлены элементы сходства и различия в функционировании и содержании термина в разных типах дискурсов: религиозно-философском, философском, есте-ственнонаучном и литературно-художественном. Сопоставление содержательного наполнения тер-м\xD0\xB8на космизм в языках для специальных целей показало, что в философии термин космизм может включать исторический и субъективный компоненты значения, отражающие развитие философ-ской мысли в рамках направления или индивидуального мировоззрения (космизм в древнегреческой философии, космизм Спинозы, поздний космизм, космизм Н. А. Бердяева).Изменение содержательной структуры термина в философском дискурсе не затрагивает понятий-ного ядра, включающего базовые слоты, сохраняющиеся во всех без исключения терминосистемах. Однако организация этих слотов и содержательная связь между ними может быть разной: в боль-шинстве концепций это преобладание вселенского (космического) начала над индивидуальным, од-нако в авторской терминосистеме Н. А. Бердяева происходит выбор и замена слота ‘подчинение’ на ‘равенство’. Это свидетельствует о том, что космизм – полиинтерпретируемый философский термин, дефинитивная вариантность которого определяется конкретной философской терминосистемой, в том числе авторской. Термин может использоваться в широком (философское понимание кос-мизма) и узком (естественнонаучное понимание космизма в трудах К. Э. Циолковского, В. И. Вер-надского и др.) значениях. За пределами философского дискурса термин активно используется как литературоведческое понятие, обозначающее различные виды поэтического мировоззрения (кос-мизм Ф. И. Тютчева, космизм С. А. Есенина). Кроме того, термин космизм как название направления пролетарской поэзии, является частью закрытой терминосистемы, существовавшей в 1918–1925 гг. (творчество поэтов Пролеткульта).Все эти интерпретационные варианты объединены общим сигнификативным компонентом зна-чения, включающим базовые компоненты: Человек, Вселенная, способ взаимосвязи между ними. Экстралингвистически содержательная вариантность термина обусловлена движением научной мысли и вектором духовного развития, лингвистически – перегруппировкой и добавлением слотов в фреймовую структуру термина.Материалом исследования являются тексты, содержащие термин космизм. Терминофиксирующие источники (словари, энциклопедии) в ходе анализа не использовались, так как ни один источни\xD0\xBA такого типа не отражает явления содержательной вариантности термина в полной мере.The paper deals with the cognitive approach to terminology, according to which the term is considered as part of a dynamic language model for special purposes, which dialectically combines a stable sign form with constant rethinking of the meaning. The semantic variation of the term is caused by both the complexity of the term’s semantics and the dialectical character of cognition.The research is aimed at the revelation and linguistic substantiation of the differences in the conceptual contents the term cosmism demonstrates in different branches of knowledge. In order to solve the above-mentioned scientific task, the contextual definitions of the term are analyzed and the similarities and differences in the functioning and meaning of the term are revealed depending on different discourse types such as the religious-philosophical, philosophical, natural-science as well as literary and art discourse. The comparison of the conceptual meanings of the term cosmism in languages for special purposes has shown that cosmism as a philosophical term can comprise historical and subjective semantic components which reflect the development of philosophical thought within the framework of a certain movement or of an individual world view (cosmism in Ancient Greek philosophy, Spinoza’s cosmism, the late cosmism, Berdyaev’s cosmism).The transformation of the term’s semantic structure in philosophical discourse does not affect the conceptual meaning including the basic slots which remain preserved in all systems of terminology without exception. However, the slot structure and the semantic connection between them may be different: in most conceptions, the universal, or cosmic, principle prevails over the individual one, while in Berdyaev’s individual terminology, a term selection can be observed and the slot ‘subordination’ is replaced through the slot ‘equality’. This statement is the evidence of the fact that cosmism is a variously interpreted philosophical term whose definitive variation is determined by a certain philosop hical term system, including the one of an individual author.The term can be interpreted in a broad sense (the philosophical understanding of cosmism) and a narrow sense (the natural-science understanding of cosmism in Tsiolkovsky’s and Vernadsky’s works). Beyond the philosophical discourse, the term is frequently used as a concept in the study of literature, where it denotes different types of poetic worldview (Tyutchev’s cosmism, Esenin’s cosmism). Besides, the term cosmism belongs to the closed term system as a denomination for the Proletarian poetry movement in the years 1918–1925 (the works of Proletkult poets).The above-mentioned interpretational variants are united by a common significant semantic component which includes the basic semes: the Human, the Universe, and the way of intercommunication between them. From an extralinguistic point of view, the semantic variation of the term is determined by a current of scientific thought and a trend for spiritual development, while linguistically it is caused by the rearrangement and addition of slots into the term’s frame structure.The research is based on texts which contain the term cosmism. Sources containing the lexicographic representation of the term (like dictionaries or encyclopedias) have not been used for the purpose of analysis since there is no source of such kind that would be able to fully reflect the semantic variation of the term.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. A. Huisman ◽  
Roeland van Hout ◽  
Asifa Majid

Abstract Previous work on colour lexicons focussed on universal patterns in their structure and evolution. We collected new colour naming data in Japanese and three under-described Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama) to investigate semantic variation and change in the colour lexicon of related languages in a modern context. We found several new colour terms (e.g., midori and guriin for ‘green’) in the lexicon of Ryukyuan speakers, apparently resulting from contact with Standard Japanese and English. A comparison of our data with historical data suggests that modern Ryukyuan colour systems are closer to modern Japanese than they are to their historic pasts. However, we also found that modern-day Ryukyuan languages are more similar to each other than they are to Japanese. These findings show the scope of semantic changes that can occur through outside influence and highlight the need for fresh empirical data in the study of semantics in related languages.


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