Paper Trails

Paper Trails presents a new history of the American state and its efforts to conquer, occupy, and integrate the western United States between the 1860s and early 1900s. The success of this project depended on an unassuming government institution: the US Post. As millions of settlers rushed into remote corners of the region, they relied on the mail to stay connected to the wider world. Letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders, all traveled across the most expansive communications network on earth. Paper Trails maps the year-by-year spread of this infrastructure using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices, revealing a new and unfamiliar picture of the federal government in the West. Despite its size, the US Post was both nimble and ephemeral, rapidly spinning out its infrastructure to distant places before melting away at a moment’s notice. The administration of this network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions today. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto the private operations of thousands of local businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry bags of mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. The postal network’s sprawling geography and localized operations force a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power. This book tells the story of one of the most dramatic reorganizations of people, land, and resources in American history and the underlying spatial circuitry that wove this project together.

Rural Free Delivery, 1896–1913

In the 1890s and early 1900s, the Post Office Department launched an unprecedented spatial reorganization of its postal network: Rural Free Delivery, when mail carriers started delivering mail to the doorsteps of individual homes. Chapter 7 details the rollout of Rural Free Delivery, which was put into motion through an alliance between department administrators and agrarian reformers. This initiative triggered a spatial and administrative shift in the US Post, as it altered the geography of the network while ushering in a more recognizably modern bureaucracy made up of professional civil servants. But mapping the spread of the service reveals that Rural Free Delivery did not initially extend to the rural West. There, the older agency model would continue to define mail service well into the twentieth century.

Efektifitas Pelayanan Kartu Keluarga (KK) Dan Surat Pindah Pada Tahun 2020 di Kecamatan Wlingi Kabupaten Blitar

Reformation in public services is currently needed in order to realize a community service system at the Wlingi sub-district office in Blitar Regency for the community, efforts should be made to improve services that are fast, precise and accurate both directly and indirectly in order to create good service and provide satisfaction to the community. The effectiveness of the Family Card and the Letter moved is very much needed in determining the assessment of community satisfaction with the services carried out by the Wlingi District Office. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative research method, namely (1) Research Design (2) Researched Objects (3) Data Sources (4) Collection Techniques Data (5) Data Analysis Techniques and Data Validity. The results of the effectiveness of the researchers obtained from six objects in which the researchers carefully obtained results as much as 96% of the people understood and learned about the servants' productions carried out by Wlingi Subdistrict, 96% of the people stated that the Family and Letter Card completion times moved very quickly in minutes , 93% of the people stated that the cost of service in Wlingi District was gone (free), 60% of the people stated that the Family Card and Moving Mail service products were very durable and inefficient to carry around, 53% of the community was comfortable with facilities and infrastructure in the Wlingi District service, and 76% of the community were satisfied with the competency of the service provider who was fast, precise, capable, and friendly. From the results of the effectiveness of the services that the researchers describe, there is a problems that can hamper the effectiveness of services in the Wlingi District Office.

APLICAÇÃO DE MACHINE LEARNING NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE E-MAILS COMO SPAM

The e-mail service is one of the main tools used today and is an example that technology facilitates the exchange of information. On the other hand, one of the biggest obstacles faced by e-mail services is spam, the name given to the unsolicited message received by a user. The machine learning application has been gaining prominence in recent years as an alternative for efficient identification of spam. In this area, different algorithms can be evaluated to identify which one has the best performance. The aim of the study is to identify the ability of machine learning algorithms to correctly classify e-mails and also to identify which algorithm obtained the greatest accuracy. The database used was taken from the Kaggle platform and the data were processed bythe Orange software with four algorithms: Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naive Bayes (NB). The division of data in training and testing considers 80% of the data for training and 20% for testing. The results show that Random Forest was the best performing algorithm with 99% accuracy.

PENGARUH EXPRESS MAIL SERVICE DAN TAX TERHADAP HARGA JUAL ALBUM MUSIK KOREA DI BURSTORE (ONLINE SHOP) TAHUN 2017

Penelitian ini membahas tentang kegiatan impor, EMS serta pajak atas kegiatan impor yang dilakukan oleh salah satu online shop barang impor dari Korea. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari variabel independen yaitu EMS dan Pajak terhadap Harga Jual Album Musik Korea. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 6 data yang terhitung dari Juli 2017 sampai dengan Desember 2017 pada salah satu Online Shop yang menjual album musik dari Korea. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan metode pengumpulan data dan dokumentasi, dengan alat analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda. Penelitian menghasilkan bahwa EMS tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Harga Jual album musik Korea, sedangkan Pajak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Harga Jual album musik Korea. Secara simultan EMS dan Pajak berpengaruh terhadap Harga Jual album musik Korea. Besarnya pengaruh yang disebabkan oleh kedua variabel independen tersebut adalah 78,9%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 21,1% kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini.

The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia: Select Papers from the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Symposia

<p>Writers in the field of postal history have incredibly diverse interests and approaches. As a result, the postal history symposia have been organized around themes. The three themes represented in papers here are mail and the Civil War (2012), the development of transoceanic air mail service (2014), and the influence of postal treaties on post office reforms (2016).</p><p>The American Civil War affected mail in many ways, particularly in the Confederate States of America, which faced the challenge of quickly developing its own postal system, as well as shortages of supplies, including paper. The mail itself can be used to tell the story of the conflict through the examination of patriotic and propaganda images on envelopes and through the study of shifts in mail routes and practices as the war progressed.</p><p>The histories of aviation and of mail delivery are intertwined. Pressure to deliver mail faster and more efficiently helped to propel investment in aviation innovations. In turn, developments in flight opened new possibilities for carrying the mail. The development of transoceanic air mail from its very early days in the 1920s through the rise of military air mail services during World War II is examined.</p><p> Throughout much of history, mail has been the primary means of communication both within and between nations; thus, the regulations and agreements concerning what may be mailed, and for what cost, have had a profound effect on a population’s access to information. Postal reform, and particularly the creation of national postal systems, required that immediate needs as well as political and economic visions of the future be considered and addressed legally and structurally during state-building. Cases of the United States in the revolutionary era and Brazil in the nineteenth century are examined here.<br></p>

The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia: Select Papers from the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Symposia

<p>Writers in the field of postal history have incredibly diverse interests and approaches. As a result, the postal history symposia have been organized around themes. The three themes represented in papers here are mail and the Civil War (2012), the development of transoceanic air mail service (2014), and the influence of postal treaties on post office reforms (2016).</p><p>The American Civil War affected mail in many ways, particularly in the Confederate States of America, which faced the challenge of quickly developing its own postal system, as well as shortages of supplies, including paper. The mail itself can be used to tell the story of the conflict through the examination of patriotic and propaganda images on envelopes and through the study of shifts in mail routes and practices as the war progressed.</p><p>The histories of aviation and of mail delivery are intertwined. Pressure to deliver mail faster and more efficiently helped to propel investment in aviation innovations. In turn, developments in flight opened new possibilities for carrying the mail. The development of transoceanic air mail from its very early days in the 1920s through the rise of military air mail services during World War II is examined.</p><p> Throughout much of history, mail has been the primary means of communication both within and between nations; thus, the regulations and agreements concerning what may be mailed, and for what cost, have had a profound effect on a population’s access to information. Postal reform, and particularly the creation of national postal systems, required that immediate needs as well as political and economic visions of the future be considered and addressed legally and structurally during state-building. Cases of the United States in the revolutionary era and Brazil in the nineteenth century are examined here.<br></p>