The Making of Homo Socialist: The Discursive Analysis of the Ideological Production of Class in China, 1949–1976

Based on a critique of the history project titled “Oral History of Peasants’ Ordinary Life in the Revolutionary Era of China,” this article provides an analysis of class ideology production from Land Reform Movement to the Cultural Revolution in China. Thirty years of socialist construction in China was based on the craft of making the Homo Socialist. The focus here is on how personal experiences were transformed into state-endorsed conduct via the discourse of class and class struggle. Over the course of the sociopolitical transformations leading to the Cultural Revolution, “class” changed from a socioeconomic designation to a political behavioral metaphor, and in the end a purely symbolic gesture; personal experiences were transformed from hallmarks of class privilege to virtual identification with imagined class struggle. And the peasants went from being “owners of bitterness” to “debtors of bitterness” on the way to becoming “sinners of the revolution”—who gradually submitted themselves to the regime in the name of revolution, liberation, and redemption. These transformations were realized through discursive practices connecting personally embodied experiences with the abstract Marxist theory of class and class struggle. Examining the shifting nature of class ideology production helps to explain how the Chinese Communist Party understood the effects of its governance and how people found class ideology meaningful to them, even when it reached the point of absurdity.

Stature, Poverty, and Inequality in 19th- and 20th-Century Mexico

Anthropometric studies have shown that the evolution of human stature can be helpful to examine human welfare. Adult stature is an indicator of health status and living standards for periods in which there has not been a systematic collection of data of other indicators, such as the price of goods and wages, as is the case in Mexico prior to 1950. Mexican anthropometric history studies have revealed that stature is a good measure to examine the evolution of living standards in the long run and that it has been effective for assessing poverty and inequality. These studies have shown that, for the period 1850–1950, the evolution of living standards was heterogeneous. There were different trajectories depending on the socioeconomic status. People from working-class backgrounds experienced a deterioration and/or stagnation, while people from upper-class backgrounds experienced a sustained increase in average stature. These trends challenged the official history of the post-revolutionary period, which argued that the living standards of the Mexican population deteriorated during the Porfirio Díaz administration (1876–1911) and improved afterwards with the promulgation of social legislation in the post-revolutionary era (post-1910). Additional studies show that, during the post-1950 period, there was a generalized improvement in stature, but it was limited by the challenges of economic downturns and persistent structural inequality.

What if? Epidemic discourse and serial narration in the alternate history series La Révolution (2020)

The article examines the formal and thematic manifestations of seriality in the Netflix series La Révolution, which justifies the revolutionary outbreak in a counterfactual plot with a viral outbreak that turns the nobles into zombie-like monsters. While, on a macrostructural level, the generic frame of alternate history promotes the serial character through the varying repetition of the historical event, the microstructural level of the narration evokes seriality by exponential contagion and spread of the disease as well as an increasing spiral of violence. First, the focus is on the representation of the aristocrat as a monster in pamphlets and caricatures of the revolutionary era. Subsequent to a contextualization of seriality in the age of streaming platforms, the analysis then discusses the medium-specific implementation of the epidemic discourse based on selected sequences of the series. Finally, it gives a hypothetical outlook on the implied motivations regarding the fictional development of the revolutionary event: through its contrasting exaggeration, the alternate-historical narrative can shed new light on the real historical events.

PEMANFAATAN APLIKASI SCRATCH SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF MEDIA BELAJAR SISWA “Z GENERATION” UNTUK GURU-GURU SDN 1 LABUAPI

ABSTRAKDewasa ini kita berada pada revolusi industri 4.0 yang pada dasarnya mengubah pola hidup, pola pikir, pola kerja yang berhubungan dengan satu sama lain. Perubahannya sangat drastis dibanding era revolusi sebelumnya. Sejalan dengan perkembangan revolusi industry 4.0, maka pendidikan saat ini tidak sesuai lagi dengan era revolusi industri 4.0. Pendidikan 4.0 secara keseluruhan akan berkontribusi dalam membangun generasi Z atau igeneration dimana masa kanak-kanak Generasi Z sudah melek teknologi, terutama smartphone dan PC. Sangat banyak strategi pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan untuk Genersi-Z. Pada prinsipnya strategi pedagogy dan andragogi yang bersifat universal tetap dapat digunakan, modifikasi dilakukan hanya pada bagian-bagian tertentu yang dapat dibantu dengan penggunaan fasilitas teknologi. Aplikasi yang digunakan dalam pelatihan ini adalah scratch junior. Aplikasi ini sangat mudah digunakan karena menggunakan blok seperti lego, serta tidak memerlukan keterampilan bahasa pemograman. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan ini adalah metode demonstrasi & praktik pembuatan media scratch. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan angket. Data menunjukan 80% responden mempunyai keinginan untuk membuat media pembelajaran berbasis animasi scratch yang lebih menarik & belajar lebih mendalam. Kata kunci: scratch; z generation; media belajar. ABSTRACTToday we are in the industrial revolution 4.0, which changes the pattern of life, mindset, work patterns that relate to each other. The changes are very drastic compared to the previous revolutionary era. In line with the development of industrial revolution 4.0, education is no longer following the period of industrial revolution 4.0. Education 4.0 as a whole will contribute to building generation Z or generation where Generation Z's childhood is technology literate, especially smartphones and PCs. Many learning strategies can be used for Generation Z. In principle, universal pedagogy and andragogy strategies can still be used; modifications are made only to certain parts that technological facilities can assist. The application used in this training is Scratch Junior. This application is effortless because it uses blocks like lego and does not require programming language skills. The method used in this training is a demonstration method & practice of making scratch media. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The data shows that 80% of respondents desire to make learning media based on scratch animations that are more interesting & learn more deeply. Keywords: scratch; z generation; learning media.

National Minorities in the Post-Revolutionary Era

This study looks into Ukraine’s minority politics after the Revolution of Dignity of 2014. It analyses the inclusivity of minority politics against three key parameters – institutional framework, dialogue mechanisms, and non-discriminatory policies. The research is conducted through an in-depth comparison analysis of minority politics of two post-revolutionary presidents – Petro Poroshenko (full term) and Volodymyr Zelenskyi (first two years). The conclusion is made that the political elites failed to drive an inclusive course towards ethno-linguistic minorities. The inclusivity along the three criteria has been provided impetus either on ad-hoc basis or not at all. On the level of policies, a regression can be observed. The underlying cause for the state not succeeding in achieving an inclusive minority course is that the two administrations had predominantly divergent motives for addressing this topic. As a result, the implementation of some inclusivity-oriented measures suffered and the minority-related discourse became highly politicized.

THE PROJECT OF ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM AT THE ALL-RUSSIAN MUSEUM CONFERENCE OF 1919

В начале ХХ в. в России активно обсуждался вопрос создания специализированного археологического музея. Этой проблеме был посвящен ряд выступлений на профессиональных форумах музейных работников. Обсуждалась она и на Первой Всероссийской конференции по делам музеев в Петрограде в феврале 1919 г. Со специальным докладом на эту тему выступил авторитетный археолог А. А. Миллер, имевший опыт музейной работы и активно проявивший себя в революционную эпоху как организатор музейного дела. В обсуждении доклада приняли участие такие видные ученые, как С. А. Жебелёв, Н. Я. Марр и др. В данном сообщении авторы впервые анализируют материалы стенограммы этого обсуждения и помещают его в контекст развития отечественной археологической/музейной мысли начала ХХ в. In the early 20thcentury the creation of a specialized archaeological museum was actively discussed in Russia. A number of communications in professional forums of museum workers were devoted to this problem. It was also discussed at the First AllRussian Museums' Conference in Petrograd in February 1919. A special report on this subject was held by archeologist A. A. Miller, who had experience of museum work and showed himself in the revolutionary era as an organizer of museum activity. Prominent scholars such as S. A. Zhebelyov, N. Ya. Marr and others took part in the discussion of his report. In this article the authors analyze the materials of the transcript of this discussion for the first time and place it in the context of the development of Russian archaeological/ museum thought of the early 20th century.

The Lexicon of Public Sector Reform in New Zealand 1984 - 1994

<p>This is a study of the lexical effects on New Zealand English of the legal, social and economic changes brought about by the fourth Labour government and its successor during the decade from 1984 - 1994, during which period the New Zealand public sector was radically reformed. In order to carry out this study a corpus of approximately five million written words was compiled, consisting of three parallel sets of documents from four domains of use in the public sector. Chapter One provides the rationale for scoping the study both to this particular ten-year period and to the lexis of four particular government departments, namely The Treasury and the Ministries of Social Welfare, Health and Education. A review of previous related work in the field of lexicography, and the aims and specific research questions which motivated the study, are located at the end of this first chapter. Chapter Two explains the reasons behind the selection of three particular documents for use as data sources: the Annual Reports, the annual Corporate Plans, and the triennial Briefings to the Incoming Government. This chapter also describes the methodology used to determine words for inclusion in the glossary which is located in Appendix I. The advantages and pitfalls of the Google search method are discussed, as are the approaches taken to dealing with multiword units, proper nouns, abbreviations and words of Maori origin. The construction and arrangement of the glossary are explained here, including the basis for selection of citations. In Chapter Three an overview of each ministry's dataset is given in terms of its linguistic characteristics, and the results of the study are described. The penultimate chapter catalogues the discovery of a rich vein of figurative language throughout the documents of the New Zealand Treasury, as evidenced by varied and extended metaphors used to express economic concepts. This chapter gives a brief account of metaphor theory and discusses the methodology used for identification of metaphors in the dataset. The fifth and final chapter of this study sums up the overall findings and points the way towards useful future research in this field. A major part of this study consists of the aforementioned lexicon in Appendix I of New Zealand-specific words from these domains and their illustrative citations. This lexicon is a record of the NZE words used in a particular dataset in the public sector of New Zealand. It amounts to approximately 260 entries supported by 660 citations, which were collected via an exhaustive data search of three types of government document over one decade. These terms are not new in the sense that they first appeared in NZE during the decade of this study, but approximately two-thirds of them are new in the sense that they do not appear in any dictionary of English. This collection of terms constitutes a cultural and historical archive, which records the distinctive identity of New Zealand's public sector as it underwent a revolutionary era of profound political and economic change.</p>

The Lexicon of Public Sector Reform in New Zealand 1984 - 1994

<p>This is a study of the lexical effects on New Zealand English of the legal, social and economic changes brought about by the fourth Labour government and its successor during the decade from 1984 - 1994, during which period the New Zealand public sector was radically reformed. In order to carry out this study a corpus of approximately five million written words was compiled, consisting of three parallel sets of documents from four domains of use in the public sector. Chapter One provides the rationale for scoping the study both to this particular ten-year period and to the lexis of four particular government departments, namely The Treasury and the Ministries of Social Welfare, Health and Education. A review of previous related work in the field of lexicography, and the aims and specific research questions which motivated the study, are located at the end of this first chapter. Chapter Two explains the reasons behind the selection of three particular documents for use as data sources: the Annual Reports, the annual Corporate Plans, and the triennial Briefings to the Incoming Government. This chapter also describes the methodology used to determine words for inclusion in the glossary which is located in Appendix I. The advantages and pitfalls of the Google search method are discussed, as are the approaches taken to dealing with multiword units, proper nouns, abbreviations and words of Maori origin. The construction and arrangement of the glossary are explained here, including the basis for selection of citations. In Chapter Three an overview of each ministry's dataset is given in terms of its linguistic characteristics, and the results of the study are described. The penultimate chapter catalogues the discovery of a rich vein of figurative language throughout the documents of the New Zealand Treasury, as evidenced by varied and extended metaphors used to express economic concepts. This chapter gives a brief account of metaphor theory and discusses the methodology used for identification of metaphors in the dataset. The fifth and final chapter of this study sums up the overall findings and points the way towards useful future research in this field. A major part of this study consists of the aforementioned lexicon in Appendix I of New Zealand-specific words from these domains and their illustrative citations. This lexicon is a record of the NZE words used in a particular dataset in the public sector of New Zealand. It amounts to approximately 260 entries supported by 660 citations, which were collected via an exhaustive data search of three types of government document over one decade. These terms are not new in the sense that they first appeared in NZE during the decade of this study, but approximately two-thirds of them are new in the sense that they do not appear in any dictionary of English. This collection of terms constitutes a cultural and historical archive, which records the distinctive identity of New Zealand's public sector as it underwent a revolutionary era of profound political and economic change.</p>