Distribuição e concentração espacial do estoque de emprego nas atividades essenciais no Maranhão: uma proposta a partir da distribuição espacial

RESUMO Como principal medida de enfrentamento ao COVID-19, o fechamento temporário das atividades econômicas não essenciais teve como objetivo evitar aglomerações em espaços urbanos que acelerassem a taxa de contágio viral, atrasando um possível aprofundamento do cenário pandêmico mundial no Brasil. Contudo, esta medida adotada não obteve uma aceitação ampla por parte da classe política, do empresariado e dos trabalhadores que se viram em um cenário de brusca redução do nível de renda e emprego nacional. Deste modo, partindo do estado do Maranhão como referencial econômico-espacial, faz-se uma análise da distribuição espacial dos setores econômicos, utilizando o estoque de emprego formal com base nos dados da RAIS para o ano de 2018, priorizando os setores econômicos não-essenciais definidos por decreto do Governo Estadual, e mensurando os possíveis impactos do fechamento temporário destes setores nos municípios maranhenses. A partir destes impactos, intenta-se esboçar uma proposta de retomada da atividade econômica local através das conclusões obtidas durante o processo analítico do comportamento econômico-espacial dos setores de atividades. ABSTRACT As the principal measure in combat to the COVID-19, the temporary shutdown of economic activities had the objective avoid agglomerations in urban spaces that accelerated the viral contagion rate, retarding one possible deepening of the pandemic world scenario in Brazil. However, this measure has not the most acceptance for part the political, business and workers classes whom income and employment has decrease severely in this scenario. Thus, assuming Maranhão State as reference economic-spatial, was made an analysis of spatial distribution of economic sectors, using the formal employment stock with database of RAIS for the year 2018, prioritizing the sectors non-essentials economics defined for state government decree, and measuring the possible impacts of the temporary closure of these sectors in the cities of Maranhão. From those impacts, intent to sketch a proposal of economic local activity recovery through the conclusions obtained during the analysis of economic-spatial behavior the activities sectors.

Distributional Chaoticity of C0-Semigroup on a Frechet Space

This paper is mainly concerned with distributional chaos and the principal measure of C 0 -semigroups on a Frechet space. New definitions of strong irregular (semi-irregular) vectors are given. It is proved that if C 0 -semigroup T has strong irregular vectors, then T is distributional chaos in a sequence, and the principal measure μ p ( T ) is 1. Moreover, T is distributional chaos equivalent to that operator T t is distributional chaos for every ∀ t > 0 .

Muslim Faith in Pakistan: A Faith-Development View on Fundamentalist to Mature Orientations

Faith development theory has evolved as a prominent theoretical perspective during the past three decades to explain different ways of relating to religious beliefs and worldviews. Recent revisions of the theory have elaborated on these characteristic ways as religious styles namely the fundamentalist, mutual, individuative-systemic, and dialogical. The present study developed an Urdu version of its principal measure, i.e., Faith Development Interview, to analyze twelve cases of Muslims of various religious affiliations within Islam in Pakistan. Four case studies representative of each faith style are presented in detail. The cases are compared to analyze Islamic faith in terms of faith development theory and to understand fundamentalism in a Muslim context. The findings support faith development theory as a comprehensive paradigm to address the varieties of faith orientations in Islam. Implications for future research with larger samples in highly religious and collectivistic cultures are discussed.

The internal rate of return (IRR): projections, benchmarks and pitfalls

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of the internal rate of return (IRR) as a principal measure of performance of investments and to highlight some of the weaknesses of the IRR in evaluating investments in this way. Design/methodology/approach This Education Briefing is an overview of the limitations of the IRR in making capital budgeting decisions. It is illustrated with a number of counter-intuitive examples. Findings The advantage of the IRR is that it is, on the surface, a wonderfully simple benchmark. One figure that tells a story. But, the disadvantage is that if used in isolation the IRR can give misleading results when used to assess investment proposals. Practical implications The IRR should be used in conjunction with other analyses to appraise projects, so that the user can determine its veracity in the context of other benchmarks. This context is particularly important when assessing investments with unusual cash flows. Originality/value This is a review of existing models.