Justification of the use of square pipes in the frame of the removable roof of the open wagon

This paper reports determining the basic strength indicators for the removable roof of a railroad gondola. It has been established that the typical roof design has a significant margin of safety in the components of the supporting structure. In order to reduce the roof material intensity, the reserves of its strength have been determined and optimized based on the criterion for minimal material intensity. Pipes of square cross-section have been proposed for using as the components of the roof frame. When taking into consideration the proposed measures, it becomes possible to reduce the mass of the frame of the removable roof for a railroad gondola by almost 15 % compared to the typical design. At the same time, to apply the roof on different types of gondolas, its cantilevered parts can move in a longitudinal plane. It is possible to use deflectors on the removable roof. The roof can be attached to the body in a regular way. It is also possible to fix it using shog-connections. To substantiate the proposed solution, the strength of the improved structure of the removable roof was determined. It was established that the maximum equivalent stresses in the load-bearing structure of the removable roof did not exceed permissible ones. To define the indicators of removable roof dynamics, its dynamic loading was investigated. The calculation was performed in a flat coordinate system. The oscillations in bouncing and galloping were taken into consideration as the most common types of a railroad car oscillations when running on a rail track. The mathematical model of dynamic loading was solved in the Mathcad software package (Boston, USA). The study has shown that the acceleration of the body in the center of masses is 0.4 g and is within the permissible limits. At the same time, the ride of a railroad car is excellent. The study reported here would contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of railroad transportation.

Local Culture and Urban Retrofit: Reflections on Policy and Preferences for Wall and Roof Materials

Retrofitting strategies aim to reduce environmental footprints promoting the development or upgrade of existing infrastructure. One crucial aspect of successful retrofitting strategies is local culture, which can harmonise or come into conflict with retrofitting initiatives. However, investigations on the influence of local practises, particularly in the global south, are limited and such influence deserves more attention. This article explores the connexion between local culture and retrofitting strategies, focusing on wall and roof material selection in the Metropolitan Valley of Oaxaca in Mexico (ZMVO). We begin with a brief review of the retrofitting initiatives at related governmental levels. Then, through a survey, we analyse the choices and reasons for selecting specific materials for walls and roofs in the ZMVO. We discuss to what extent cultural practises and preferences have been considered or left behind in the strategies and ensuing challenges. The findings confirm important premises. First, tradition and community support were not relevant factors in wall or roof material selection. Material reuse, energy efficiency, and sustainability-related reasons were also not essential to the preferences. Instead, protection (against rain, earthquakes, theft and accidents), hygiene, and aesthetics had a consistently higher priority. We also found that poverty or lack of other options intersects with the use of precarious materials, creating constrained choices. However, the most crucial finding was that choosing less environmentally or culturally compatible materials was strongly connected with deprivation, having important implications in the selection of materials and retrofitting strategies. The current retrofitting initiatives call for sustainability and efficiency, but the local practises render these efforts insufficient and incoherent. Poverty and informal housing are the main emphases of the local policy. However, the policy focuses on new infrastructure and much less on the existing housing, causing less efficient retrofits. Guidelines for more sustainable material selection have advanced, but regulation and enforcement remain weak. We conclude by discussing all these challenges and providing a set of recommended actions in new initiatives.

A COMPARISON OF HEAT PERFORMANCE BETWEEN GREEN ROOFS ON CONCRETE AND GREEN ROOFS ON CORRUGATED ZINC

Green roofs are generally applied to concrete roofed buildings. This study compares the thermal performance of green roofs that occur in corrugated concrete and zinc to expand green roof innovation. The study experimented on a method using the 2011 Ecotect computer simulation. The results showed that the difference in temperature reduction in corrugated zinc was higher than in concrete. Changes in heat outside the roof space on both have a number that has a relatively small difference, but the difference in heat is visible in the inner space. Based on the thermal performance of the roof, the use of corrugated zinc roofs as the base of the green roof in the building could be an alternative green roof material besides concrete.

PEMANFAATAN HASIL HUTAN BUKAN KAYU SEBAGAI KERAJINAN ANYAMAN OLEH MASYARAKAT DI DESA KUALA DUA KECAMATAN KEMBAYAN KABUPATEN SANGGAU

The community at Kuala Dua village, Kembayan sub district, Sanggau Regency has used non timber forest product for handicraft. The research purposes were to identified the raw material of non-timber forest product which used by the community to produce handicraft. The methods used in depth interview with the community. The respondent was chosen by snowball sampling. Total number of respondents was 14 persons. Result of the research showed that 4 non timber forest product used for handicraft. The plant used were bambu tali (Gigantochloa apus), nipah (Nypa fruticans), resam (Distranopteris linearis), and rotan lilin (Calamus javensis). The product was used for daily live and also sell to the market. Bambu tali was made into bakul and ketoro, nipah leaf was made into roof material, resam was made into ring and rotan lilin was made into basket, dish and cupboard.Keywords: Calamus javensis, Distranopteris linearis, Gigantochloa apus, handicraft, Nypa fruticans

STATIC CALCULATION OF FILM ROOF OF CULTIVATION STRUCTURE

Membrane roofing greenhouses and small-scale farms are used in the spring and autumn period for growing various crops. The main load for such structures is wind. Norms of construction design of greenhouses do not contain provisions for calculating the membrane roof of cultivation structures for this type of load. For arched greenhouses with a circular outline of the coating, an approximate method for determining the forces from the wind load in a membrane stabilized by wind ropes is proposed. The membrane roof is considered as a soft cover under the influence of negative wind load. The calculated dependences for estimating the stress-strain state of the roof material are derived analytically. The calculation scheme of the roof deformed by wind pressure, corresponding to the actual operating conditions of the structure, is used to derive the dependencies. The roof of the structure is considered from the polyethylene membrane recommended by the building standards for the design of greenhouses, the physical and mechanical characteristics of which are standardized. Dependences are derived for determining the longitudinal and annular stresses in the roof material, the rational pitch of wind ropes and the maximum possible force in them. The proposed method of static calculation of the membrane roof can be used for cultivation structures with the outline of the coating close to circular

Socio Economic Analysis of Broiler Farms in Perambalur District of Tamil Nadu State

The study was conducted to identify the socioeconomic status, assess costs and returns of broiler farms in Perambalur District of Tamil Nadu state in India. The primary data were collected from 30 respondents through face to face interview during the period between November 2019 and January 2020. The results of the study revealed that most of the respondents were male belonging to old age category. Majority of the respondents were running broiler business as a main occupation and highly depended on institutional sources of finance. Major share of the respondents were spending higher amount to the input. The farmers were spending their amount for purchasing of lights, roof material, drinker, feeder etc. Government should initiate various schemes for the upliftment of poultry sector. Low cost vaccine and medicines may be provided by the government to the growers which will minimize the variable cost. If all the above suggestions are implemented by the concerned authorities, the broiler farming will move in the right direction and the farmers will get good income.