Religious Law in the Service of Human Rights?

During the 1990s, a period representing the peak of often novel interpretations in human rights litigation by the judges of the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court, Egypt’s human rights performance was better than in other Islamic states sharing a commitment to the supremacy of Shari’a law. This article argues that there is a gap between the dogmatic assertion of the communal good life defined in traditional Islamic terms and the reality of governance usually at odds with these stipulations. The peculiar practice of the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court in the 1990s highlighted two crucial, related questions: first, was it in principle possible to narrow that gap and align governmental action to rules derived from scripture? Second, does the highly fragmented and inconsistent character of classical Islamic law offer advantages in its adaptation to modernity? This article claims that the relative progress towards compliance with international human rights standards was due to progressive and strategically litigating judges, who used Islamic law opportunistically rather than dogmatically.

12 Protection Against Expropriation, Nationalization, and Dispossession

This chapter examines the investment treaty protections against expropriation, nationalization, and dispossession. Because the investment treaty movement arose during a period when many expropriations and nationalizations had taken place and states exhibited significant disagreement about the applicable international law, one of the primary goals of capital-exporting countries in promoting investment treaties was to protect their investors and investments from acts of expropriation, nationalization, and dispossession by host governments. As a result, virtually all investment treaties contain a provision concerning the expropriation or nationalization of covered investments; however, the nature of those provisions, their scope, and the limitations they place on governmental action, vary among treaties. The chapter then examines the scope of coverage of expropriation provisions as they apply to direct and indirect takings of investor property by a state. It also considers the various conditions and limitations that treaties place upon such state actions, including the obligation to pay compensation.

A Valencian-style Coalition Government: el Botànic

Coalition governments are common in the European political landscape in various tiers ofgovernment. However, such coalitions were an exception in the history of the Valencian Autonomy until 2015, which marked a new stage with the so-called El Botànic governments. Which factors explain this change in the Valencian political system? What are the features of such coalition governments? Can this model be applied to other political systems? This paper addresses these and other issues. First, it looks at what led to coalition governments in both 2015 and 2019. Second, it studies the model of coalition government. The hypothesis tested is this: El Botànic is a coalition government whose success in terms of stability and governmental action is framed within a specific Valencian political context.

Conclusion

This concluding chapter demonstrates how the well-being movement is gaining momentum and looks at the need and opportunity for further exploration and scaling. There are numerous examples from various countries where a well-being framework is catalyzing community and governmental action. There are significant challenges, but also opportunities to move from a set of experiments and time-limited innovations to sustainable changes across societies that improve well-being. This requires both urgency and long-term thinking; the work will advance through rapid experimentation and a commitment to generational change. And equity must be at the core of this change. The chapter then provides recommendations for policymakers and local and national leaders; news media; practitioners across sectors; and academics and researchers in economics, public health, and other fields.

The Estimation of Newly Infected Cases of Covid-19 with Consideration of Governmental Action and Behavior of People in Iran

The Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused 414179 infected cases and 18440 deaths up to March 25, 2020. The aim of this study was to estimate the new cases of COVID-19 in future days in Iran based on multiple factors such as governmental actions and peoplechr('39')s behavior. We constructed the model based on governmental actions, peoplechr('39')s behavior and lag time for governmental action. We estimated the governmental actions ratio and people’s behavior with minimum sum square error with OptQuest arena software. By estimation the new cases under three scenarios for governmental actions, we predicted the new cases and cumulative death for different genders for all scenarios. Based on the first scenario, the maximum number of newly infected cases was 3117. Total cumulative death for 110th day for males and females respectively was 3157 and 2285. According to the second scenario, the maximum number of newly infected cases was 3117. Total cumulative death for 151st day for males and females respectively was 3504 and 2536. By selecting the third scenario, there were two peak points. In the first peak point, the maximum number of newly infected cases was 3117. In the second peak, the maximum number of newly infected cases was 3190. Based on the result of this study, it seems that the best option for the government is to keep social distance and close economic activity, so the number of new cases will be decreased.

Bifurcation analysis of a SEIR epidemic system with governmental action and individual reaction

In this paper, the dynamical behavior of a SEIR epidemic system that takes into account governmental action and individual reaction is investigated. The transmission rate takes into account the impact of governmental action modeled as a step function while the decreasing contacts among individuals responding to the severity of the pandemic is modeled as a decreasing exponential function. We show that the proposed model is capable of predicting Hopf bifurcation points for a wide range of physically realistic parameters for the COVID-19 disease. In this regard, the model predicts periodic behavior that emanates from one Hopf point. The model also predicts stable oscillations connecting two Hopf points. The effect of the different model parameters on the existence of such periodic behavior is numerically investigated. Useful diagrams are constructed that delineate the range of periodic behavior predicted by the model.

National Human Rights Institutions (nhris) in asean

This paper analyses and compares the protection capacity of National Human Rights Institutions (nhris) in the Philippines and Thailand, as well as the impact of governmental action on their performances. Here, protection capacity means the extent to which the law authorizes the nhris to carry out protective functions in dealing with human rights violations. This comparison evidences that the Philippines’ nhri has greater protection capacity and much more stable mandates than the Thai nhri. Moreover, although the two nhris share the same core mandates to receive complaints of human rights violations, to investigate them, recommendation of remedial measures to the concerned parties, and referral to legal channels, the ways in which these mandates are carried out in the two countries differ. Also the legal and political means by which the governments of both countries have impacted the nhris’ performances, differ considerably.