Students’ and Parents’ Perceptions of Barriers to Cycling to School—An Analysis by Gender

Internationally, there is increased emphasis on the need to reduce dependency on cars and to encourage more sustainable forms of travel, including active travel. To encourage increased levels of cycling, the focus has generally been on improving cycling infrastructure and on making cycling safer. While cycling rates have increased in many countries, including Ireland, women are often less likely to cycle than men. While there are some notable exceptions to this (for example, in the Netherlands) this phenomenon of lower cycling rates amongst women is common and research shows that the differences between male and female cycling rates can be seen from an early age. This paper explores the reasons why women are less likely to cycle than men, by examining the modal choices of school-going students, and the attitudes of their parents/guardians to their modal choices. The survey was conducted in the city of Limerick in the midwestern region of Ireland. The results show multi-factorial barriers to cycling to school for girls compared to boys. Uniforms, traffic concerns, physical efforts of cycling, effects on personal appearance, and peer-influences were factors affecting girls more than boys. Male parents/guardians did not significantly differentiate by the gender of their children in relation to factors associated with cycling to school, unlike female parents/guardians who were found to be significantly less supportive of their daughters than their sons. Additionally, parents/guardians were generally more likely to afford their male children greater independence in their school travel choices. While there are many considerations that would affect students’ perceptions towards cycling, an adjustment to the school uniform policy would, at least, remove the most significant barrier for girls. Further research must be carried out to determine how to shift the perceptions of the efforts associated with cycling, especially among girls, and how to encourage female parents/guardians to better support their daughters to cycle to school.

An Optimization Model of Raw Material Supply Chain Using Improved Genetic Algorithm for Primary and Secondary School Uniform under IoT Environment

With the development of intelligent technology, the life cycle of products is becoming shorter and shorter. The traditional mode of supply chain selection cannot meet the demand of productivity development. Scientific and reasonable choice of school uniforms’ raw material supply chain is a necessary condition to assist school’s normal operation. Therefore, an optimization model for primary and secondary school clothing raw material supply chain based on the internet of things is proposed. In order to optimize the raw materials supply chain of primary and secondary school uniform, a model based on the internet of things is proposed. In the environment of the internet of things, from the perspective of supply chain configuration and enterprise’s expected risk minimization, this paper establishes the optimization model of raw material supply chain of primary and secondary school uniform based on the internet of things. Through the improved genetic algorithm to solve the model, the best raw material supply chain of primary and secondary school uniform is obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively improve the asset utilization and execution efficiency of the supply chain and reduce the cost of the raw material supply chain of primary and secondary school uniform.

Effect of Students' Attractiveness and Tidiness on the Development of Student-Teachers' Expectations of Their Intellectuality

The present study examined students' facial attractiveness and school uniform tidiness in developing the student-teachers' expectations of their academic performances. The researcher administered a questionnaire of 10 items on a sample that consisted of 135 student-teachers at the college of education in Kuwait University after exposing them to pictures of four school students with diversified traits of attractiveness and school uniform tidiness. The results showed that all the student-teachers' sample tends to form expectations about diverse classroom students based on their level of attractiveness and school uniform tidiness. There were no differences in these expectations between student-teachers of different GPAs. Still, such differences existed between student-teachers groups of fields of specialization. Several recommendations were then directed & brought to the Ministry of Education and teacher preparation program personnel's attention. Received: 18 March 2021 / Accepted: 20 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KONVEKSI PADA ETIK KONVEKSI DI LAMPUNG TENGAH.

This research was done on small medium enterprises that produce convection in the district of Lampung Tengah. Convection Etik section is a business development in offering many various types of outfits which are needed by the comunity. This kind of business convection is included in Home Industry part that is located on Bandar Sakti, Lampung tengah. It is planning in providing many different kinds of clothes which are varied from school uniform until work outfits. It will also provide many various kinds of fabric clothes, printing clothes, and embroidered. It also believes that in tailoring matters it can compete with others garment section that are owned by others in order to satisfy the costumers and to attract many new costumers. Data used is primary and secondary data. Primary data obtained through field surveys,while secondary data obtained from various publication sources. Method of analysis used is descriptive approach. By using strategic of business, Etik convection section is worth to develop.

Reviewing School Uniform through a Public Health Lens: Evidence about the Impacts of School Uniform on Education and Health

This study uses a public health lens to review evidence about the impacts of wearing a school uniform on students’ health and educational outcomes. It also reviews the underlying rationales for school uniform use, exploring historical reasons for uniform use, as well as how questions of equity, human rights, and the status of children as a vulnerable group are played out in debates over school uniforms. The literature identified indicates that uniforms have no direct impact on academic performance, yet directly impact physical and psychological health. Girls, ethnic and religious minorities, gender-diverse students and poorer students suffer harm disproportionately from poorly designed uniform policies and garments that do not suit their physical and socio-cultural needs. Paradoxically, for some students, uniform creates a barrier to education that it was originally instituted to remedy. The article shows that public health offers a new perspective on and contribution to debates and rationales for school uniform use. This review lays out the research landscape on school uniform and highlights areas for further research.