Iodine concentration in milk and human nutrition: A review

The aim of the review was to provide information about the importance of iodine in human nutrition and to review milk as an important source of iodine, and also to summarize the main factors affecting iodine concentration in milk. Iodine is an essential element for the thyroid gland function and synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate key processes of metabolism, brain development and growth. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate, neither deficient nor excessive, intake of this element in animal nutrition, but more importantly in the nutrition of humans. Milk and dairy products are very valuable sources of iodine. However, its concentration in milk is very variable, as it is affected by many different factors – iodine intake in feed, antinutritional factors, iodine species (forms) used for feeding, animal keeping, farm management and possibly also milk yield. Additionally, milk iodine concentration is also affected by teat dipping with iodine disinfection, and by milk processing (e.g. skimming and heat treatment). All these aforementioned factors may possibly play their role in improving human nutrition, especially the nutrition of pregnant, lactating women, and people on a low-salt diet who are the most vulnerable to insufficient iodine intake.

Normal adrenal and thyroid function in patients who survive COVID-19 infection

Context The COVID-19 pandemic continues to exert an immense burden on global health services. Moreover, up to 63% of patients experience persistent symptoms, including fatigue, after acute illness. Endocrine systems are vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19 as many glands express the ACE2 receptor, used by the SARS-CoV-2 virion for cellular access. However, the effects of COVID-19 on adrenal and thyroid gland function after acute COVID-19 remain unknown. Objectives Our objectives were to evaluate adrenal and thyroid gland function in COVID-19 survivors. Design A prospective, observational study was undertaken. Setting Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust. Participants Seventy patients ≥ 18 years at least 3 months after diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Intervention Participants attended a research study visit (08:00-09:30), during which a short Synacthen test (250 µg IV bolus), and thyroid function assessments were performed. Results All patients had a peak cortisol ≥450 nmol/l after Synacthen, consistent with adequate adrenal reserve. Basal and peak serum cortisol did not differ according to disease severity or history of dexamethasone treatment during COVID-19. There was no difference in baseline or peak cortisol after Synacthen or in thyroid function tests, or thyroid status, in patients with fatigue (n=44) compared to those without (n=26). Conclusions Adrenal and thyroid function ≥3 months after presentation with COVID-19 was preserved. Whilst a significant proportion of patients experienced persistent fatigue, their symptoms were not accounted for by alterations in adrenal or thyroid function. These findings have important implications for the clinical care of patients after COVID-19.

Effect of COVID 19 on thyroid gland function

The pandemic caused by the new Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease induced by it (Coronavirus Disease or COVID-19) has been filling the pages of newspapers, television news and websites for days. It is a new virus, which until a few months ago probably lived only in bats, about which there is little scientific certainty about humans. The few evidences, however, are constantly updated and evolving. It is therefore not uncommon to come across information from unreliable sources and / or without any scientific basis. As far as possible, I will try to shed some light on the possible relationships between the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the endocrinological system. This article, therefore, is the result of a completely personal research carried out in scientific journals, international scientific research sites and on the opinion of experts in the sector (expert opinions). It does not presume to be exhaustive, as the current certainties are very few and in any case must be interpreted dynamically since the scientific framework is constantly evolving. In essence, the information reported at the time of writing this article is based on what is currently known about the COVID-19 infection, but could be outdated in the coming months, based on the finding of new scientific evidence. Keywords: Effect, COVID 19, thyroid, gland, function

Influence of glucocorticoid hormones on the thyroid gland function

The injection of exogenous analogues of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, etc.) leads to a change in thyroid function at all levels (biosynthesis and secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland, the transport, interaction with receptors in target organs, biological action, their metabolism and excretion). Glucocorticoid hormones change regulationof the thyroid function: transhypophysially (glucocorticoids block the secretion of thyroliberin, thyroid stimulating hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, somatoliberin and the production of somatotropin under the influence of the last one) and parahypophysially (glucocorticoids stimulate formation of insulin in β-cells of the pancreas).

MULTIGRAVIDA WITH UNCONTROLLED HYPERTHYROID AND BILATERAL PLEURAL EFFUSION

BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroid is a hypermetabolic condition caused by abnormal thyroid gland function resulting in overproduction and overexpression of thyroid hormone. The prevalence of hyperthyroid during pregnancy is 0.1-0.4%, where 85% of case are presented as grave’s disease. OBJECTIVE: To report the treatment of uncontrolled hyperthyroid during pregnancy.METHOD: Case Report CASE: Ms. S, Female, 33 years old, presenting with brethlessness since 5 days before admission. Breathlessness persist and aggravated by lying down position. The patient has history of hyperthyroid since 1 years before admission. The blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, respiration rate 28 times/min, and body temperature 36,7oC. Uterus fundal height 26 cm, cephalic presentation, fetal heart rate 130 times/min, single fetus intrauterine and alive. Laboratoric test for leukocyte: 21,300/ul, T4 level 22.8 mg/dl dan T3 level 2.9 mg/dl. The patient diagnosed with G3P2A0 31-week gestational age single alive fetus intrauterine with uncontrolled hyperthyroid and bilateral pleural effusion. Treatment consist of propylthiouracil as the drug of choice for anti-thyroidal drug, nifedipine for gestational hypertension and furosemide to treat the pleural effusion. CONCLUSION: History taking, physical examination, thyroid function test, and maintaining euthyroidism during pregnancy is a key to reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complication.KEYWORDS : hyperthyroid, pregnancy, IUGR

MULTIGRAVIDA WITH UNCONTROLLED HYPERTHYROID AND BILATERAL PLEURAL EFFUSION

Background: Hyperthyroid is a hypermetabolic condition caused by abnormal thyroid gland function resulting in overproduction and overexpression of thyroid hormone. The prevalence of hyperthyroid during pregnancy is 0.1-0.4%, where 85% of case are presented as grave’s disease. Objective: To report the treatment of uncontrolled hyperthyroid during pregnancy.Method: Case Report Case: Ms. S, Female, 33 years old, presenting with brethlessness since 5 days before admission. Breathlessness persist and aggravated by lying down position. The patient has history of hyperthyroid since 1 years before admission. The blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, respiration rate 28 times/min, and body temperature 36,7oC. Uterus fundal height 26 cm, cephalic presentation, fetal heart rate 130 times/min, single fetus intrauterine and alive. Laboratoric test for leukocyte: 21,300/ul, T4 level 22.8 mg/dl dan T3 level 2.9 mg/dl. The patient diagnosed with G3P2A0 31-week gestational age single alive fetus intrauterine with uncontrolled hyperthyroid and bilateral pleural effusion. Treatment consist of propylthiouracil as the drug of choice for anti-thyroidal drug, nifedipine for gestational hypertension and furosemide to treat the pleural effusion. Conclusion: History taking, physical examination, thyroid function test, and maintaining euthyroidism during pregnancy is a key to reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complication.Keywords: hyperthyroid, pregnancy , IUGR