Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD): Concepts, diagnosis, types of ADHD / Transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH): Conceitos, diagnóstico, tipos de TDAH

Our work describes about ADHD, a neurobiological disorder that results from brain chemistry, showing three behavioral indicators: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. This study aims to conceptualize ADHD, show how to find the disorder, starting from the diagnosis, the types of ADHD, the possible treatments applied, the attention of the family, relatives and friends, the school, the community where the student lives. ADHD and looks from government agencies.

To brain chemistry G. Gorodisskaya (Med-Biol. Zh., 1926, issue 1-2)

Research G. Gorodisskaya (Med-Biol. Zh., 1926, issue 1-2) found that functionally different parts of the human cerebral cortex are different in their chemical composition.

Kynurenines increase MRS metabolites in basal ganglia and decrease resting-state connectivity in frontostriatal reward circuitry in depression

Inflammation is associated with the development of anhedonia in major depression (MD), but the pathway by which inflammatory molecules gain access to the brain and lead to anhedonia is not clear. Molecules of the kynurenine pathway (KP), which is activated by inflammation, readily influx into the brain and generate end products that alter brain chemistry, disrupt circuit functioning, and result in the expression of inflammatory behaviors such as anhedonia. We examined the impact of plasma and CSF KP metabolites on brain chemistry and neural function using multimodal neuroimaging in 49 depressed subjects. We measured markers of glial dysfunction and distress including glutamate (Glu) and myo-inositol in the left basal ganglia using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); metrics of local activity coherence (regional homogeneity, ReHo) and functional connectivity from resting-state functional MRI measures; and anhedonia from the Inventory for Depressive Symptoms-Self Report Version (IDS-SR). Plasma kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) ratio and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) were associated with increases in left basal ganglia myo-inositol. Plasma kynurenic acid (KYNA) and KYNA/QA were associated with decreases and quinolinic acid (QA) with increases in left basal ganglia Glu. Plasma and CSF KP were associated with decreases in ReHo in the basal ganglia and dorsomedial prefrontal regions (DMPFC) and impaired functional connectivity between these two regions. DMPFC-basal ganglia mediated the effect of plasma and CSF KP on anhedonia. These findings highlight the pathological impact of KP system dysregulation in mediating inflammatory behaviors such as anhedonia.

Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicators for Imaging Brain Chemistry

Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators, combined with optical imaging, enable the detection of physiologically or behaviorally relevant neural activity with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent developments in protein engineering and screening strategies have improved the dynamic range, kinetics, and spectral properties of genetically encoded fluorescence indicators of brain chemistry. Such indicators have detected neurotransmitter and calcium dynamics with high signal-to-noise ratio at multiple temporal and spatial scales in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the current trends in these genetically encoded fluorescent indicators of neurotransmitters and calcium, focusing on their key metrics and in vivo applications.

Advances in D-Amino Acids in Neurological Research

D-amino acids have been known to exist in the human brain for nearly 40 years, and they continue to be a field of active study to today. This review article aims to give a concise overview of the recent advances in D-amino acid research as they relate to the brain and neurological disorders. This work has largely been focused on modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia, but there has been a wealth of novel research which has elucidated a novel role for several D-amino acids in altering brain chemistry in a neuroprotective manner. D-amino acids which have no currently known activity in the brain but which have active derivatives will also be reviewed.