MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SPECIES ISOLATED FROM ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (GINGER) BY ESSENTIAL OILS

Mycological examination of 57 samples of Ginger revealed the occurrence of toxigenic Fusarium species (Fusarium verticililoides, F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. equiseti) with 44.9% of incidence. Fusarium species isolated in this study were treated with different concentration (1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm) of five essential oils viz., Clove, Eucalyptus, Cedar wood , Peppermint and Lemon grass and the antifungal activity of each essential oils was evaluated. The results indicated that all essential oils exhibited anti-fungal activity at different concentrations. Peppermint oil was highly effective in inhibiting all the Fusarium species tested at 1500ppm and higher concentration. Lemongrass, Clove and Eucalyptus oils inhibited the fungal growth at 2000-2500 ppm. Cedar oil was less effective in inhibition of mycelial growth and sporulation of the Fusarium species tested. The present results reveals that essential oils can be used as natural fungicide at lowest concentrations for controlling Fusarium species in Ginger

Control of Seed-borne Disease (Octomeles Sumatrana) during Storage

The forest tree species that are widely grown to produce pulp and paper raw materials are Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. One alternative species is binuang bini (Octomeles sumatrana) which can be developed for plantations. To maintain high seed viability, it is necessary to know the handling of seeds and control of seed-borne diseases during storage. The purpose of this study was to determine the method of the effective technique to control the seed-borne diseases of binuang bini during seed storage. The techniques for Seed disease kontrol methods in seed storage are carried out using chemical and natural fungicide. The results showed that the pure live seed was influenced by a single factor of fungicide and storage room, interactions between fungicides and storage room, interactions between fungicides and storage periods as well as interactions between fungicides and storage space and storage periods. Seed handling of binuang bini can be conducted effectively and efficiently by storing the seed in refrigerator for 3 months without using fungicides, but it will be better if the seed is given benomil fungicide and stored in airconditioned room (temperature of 18℃-20℃ and relative humidity of 50%-60 %).

Potensi Ekstrak Lengkuas (Alpinia Purpurata K. Schum) Sebagai Fungisida Terhadap Jamur Alternaria Sp. Pada Tanaman Jeruk

Alternaria sp. is one the causess of diseases that attack citrus crops. Pest and diseases control efforts by farmers more often use pesticide synthesis. This study aims to determine the inhibition of mushroom growth and other benefits of galangal extract as a natural fungicide and determine the optimum concentration of galangan extract inhibiting the growth mushroom of Alternaria sp.. The method used was experimental, testing conducted by growing mycelium mushroom Alternaria sp. on a PDA that has been mixed with extract of galangal in according to the respective concentrations and analyze growth response by measuring the diameter. The best results indicated by the treatments 60% that control the growth of mushrooms with deaths amounted to 79%. This shown that galangal extract is able to control the growth of Alternaria sp. at concentrations 60% compared to a concentration of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% because the active compounds at concentrations that are 60% higher, so galangal extract diffuse into the cell the growing of mushrooms and may cause disruption the growth mushrooms Alternaria sp.. The higher concentration of extract given, the ability to controlling the growth mushroom of Alternaria sp. the better. The utilization of galangal material is done as an alternative fungicide in the control of plant diseases that are eco friendly.

Inhibition of Aspergillus niger by Application of Punica granatum Peels and Cucurbita maxima Seeds as Bio-fungicide

Infection on plant caused by Aspergillus niger leads to the destruction of quantity and quality of crop yields. Normally, this disease is solved by the chemical fungicides. Therefore, this study was carried out to seek a potential natural fungicide from fruit waste which is safer and economical to inhibit Aspergillus niger. Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) seeds and Punica granatum (pomegaranate) peels were extracted using maceration method with 80 % ethanol. Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BLSA) was used to test the presence of bioactive components in the extracts at concentration of 10 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL and they are expressed in terms of LC50 (Median Lethal Concentration) respectively. The study revealed that Cucurbita maxima extract was inactive, while Punica granatum extract and the mixture of both extracts at ratio 1:1 were active at 1000 µg/mL. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of Cucurbita maxima extract, Punica granatum extract, and mixture of both extracts were further tested using well-diffusion method against A. niger at 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 75 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively. The findings revealed the mixture of both extracts were exerted effectively against A. niger at the lowest concentration with 20.67±2.52 mm and this gave significant zone of inhibition. The result of the study indicates that the mixture extraction of pomegranate peels and pumpkin seeds at 25 mg/mL has a great potential to be formulated as commercial bio-fungicide.

The use of chitosan against potato gangrene during storage

Potato gangrene is a very dangerous disease developing during storage and can lead to serious crop losses. The main control of this pathogen is reported by the post-harvest use of fungicides. However, the pathogen resistance to fungicides and public concerns about food safety require the search for new alternatives to fungicides, potentially less harmful to human health and the environment. The antifungal influence of chitosan against Phoma exigua var foveata and analyzing its inhibitory effect on the gangrene of potato tubers were investigated. The results showed that the growth of the mycelium and the germination of Phoma spores were suppressed by chitosan treatment, and the inhibitory effect was strongly correlated with the chitosan concentration. The effectiveness of post-harvest chitosan treatment has been studied for induced resistance to Phoma rot in tubers of two potato varieties (Kolobok and Santa). In vivo studies have shown that chitosan treatment at a concentration of 0.5 or 1% effectively combated gangrene potato tubers inoculated with a suspension of Phoma spores. However, treatment with chitosan at a concentration of 1% caused phytotoxicity of potato tubers. Chitosan increased the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tubers. This study suggests that the influence of chitosan may be related to the induced resistance of potato Phoma rot, and the use of chitosan may be a promising agent as a natural fungicide for partial replacement of synthetic fungicides to protect potato tubers during storage.

Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil of the fruits Pimenta dioica against formae speciales of fungus Fusarium oxysporum

We determined the chemical composition and explored the hypothesis that the essential oil of the fruits of Pimenta dioica inhibits the mycelial development of fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae, F. subglutinans f. sp. ananas , F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum e F. oxysporum f. sp. Cubense. To do this, we extracted the oil by hydrodistillation, identified its components by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and determined the fungal activity against five special forms of Fusarium species. The results showed that the oil had 76.88% of eugenol and inhibited the mycelial development of fungi up to 97.78% in an average of 7.2 days. Therefore, oil is a potential natural fungicide.

Antifungal efficacy of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and mahagony fruit bark (Swietenia mahagoni) extracts on leather shoes

The natural fungicide has been successfully extracted from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and mahagony (Swietenia Mahagoni) fruit bark by a solvent extraction method. The antifungal efficacy was evaluated by the application of extract to the fungal-killing on cultured-fungus in Petri-plate and shoes. The fungus was isolated from the shoe and cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plate of 100 mm size petri dish. Different dosing of neem and mahagony extract was applied on the fungus culture and measured the area of fungus killing as an antifungal efficacy of the extracts by “Leaf Area Counter” software. The maximum fungus killing efficacy was optimized. The optimum dosing of neem leaves and mahagony bark extracts were found 0.6 gm/5ml and 0.8 gm/5ml, respectively. After that, the optimum doses of natural fungicide were mixed with commercial shoe shiner and cultured the fungus in SDA plate with and without fungicides. Fungicides containing shoe shiner was an inhibitor to grow the fungus, whereas fungus was grown in fungicides-free shoe shiner within three days. We observed the fungicides-containing shoe-shiner treated dish for a period of one month and found that there was no fungus growth at all. The present findings indicated the possible use of neem and mahagony fruits-bark extract as a natural antifungal agent against post-harvest fungal infestation of shoe commodities and prevented the fungus contamination. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(3), 257-262, 2019

Pengaruh Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao) Dalam Menghambat Penyakit Layu Fusarium Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat

Tanaman budidaya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari penyakit, penyakit ini disebabkan oleh patogen yang dapat merusak proses fisiologi tanaman. patogen ini dapat berupa bakteri atau jamur. Layu fusarium disebabkan oleh fusarium oxysporum, pada tomat penyakit ini disebabkan oleh fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. Penyakit ini bisa menyebabkan kerugian besar bagi petani. Penggunaan fungisida sintetik telah banyak digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh fusarium oxysporum tetapi memiliki efek buruk yang besar terhadap lingkungan, oleh karena itu diperlukan fungisida biologis yang ramah lingkungan dalam mengendalikan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas fungisida alami yang diperoleh dari buah kakao. Dalam penelitian ini 6 perlakuan digunakan, P0 (kontrol tanaman sehat tanpa pengobatan), P1 (kontrol tanaman sakit diobati F. oxysporum), P2 (pengobatan ekstrak kakao 2% + perlakuan F. oxysporum) P3 (pengobatan ekstrak buah kakao ekstrak 5% + perlakuan F. oxysporum), P4 (perlakuan ekstrak buah kakao 8% + perlakuan F. oxysporum) P5 (perlakuan benomyl + perlakuan F. oxysporum) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fungisida nabati dari ekstrak biji kakao mampu menghambat layu fusarium. Setiap perlakuan memiliki efek yang sama pada tinggi maksimum tanaman tomat, jumlah buah dan berat buah. Tinggi tanaman tertinggi, jumlah daun dan berat buah tertinggi pada perlakuan ekstrak 8% dan terendah adalah 2% perlakuan ekstrak. Kata Kunci : Layu Fusarium, Fusarium Oxysporum, Fungisida Alami Cultivation plants are inseparable from disease, this disease is caused by pathogens that can damage plant physiology processes. these pathogens can be either bacteria or fungi. Fusarium wilt is caused by fusarium oxysporum, in tomatoes this disease is caused by fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici. This disease can cause huge losses to farmers. The use of synthetic fungicides has been widely used to control diseases caused by fusarium oxysporum but has a major adverse effect on the environment, therefore it is necessary to have an environmentally friendly biological fungicide in controlling the disease. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of natural fungicides obtained from cocoa pods. In this study 6 treatments were used, P0 (control of healthy plants without treatment), P1 (control of sick plants treated F. oxysporum), P2 (treatment of 2% cocoa pods extract + treatment of F. oxysporum ) P3 (treatment of cocoa pods extract 5 % + treatment of F. oxysporum ), P4 (treatment of 8% cocoa pods extract + treatment of F. oxysporum) P5 (treatment of benomyl + treatment F. oxysporum ) The results showed that vegetable fungicides from cocoa pods extract were able to inhibit fusarium wilt. Each treatment has the same effect on the maximum height of tomato plants, number of fruits and weight of fruit. The highest plant height, number of leaves and highest fruit weight was at 8% extract treatment and the lowest was 2% extract treatmen. Keywords: fusarium wilt. Fusarium oxysporum, natural fungicide