The Impact of The Activity of a Mould Fungus Culture on The Depth of Hydrolysis of Raw Material Carbohydrates in Alcohol Production

Fuel alcohol production yields can be influenced by lignocellulosic biomass loading. High solid loadings (>20 wt%) are suggested to have the potential to produce more products. However, most often, low substrate loadings (<5% solids, w/w) are used to ensure good wetting and enzyme accessibility, and to minimize any inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis products. Here, we analyzed the effect of substrate loading on the enzymatic hydrolysis of hay with non-commercial enzyme products obtained from white-rot fungi. A significant negative effect on hydrolysis was observed when 10 wt% hay loading was used with the commercial enzyme, however, non-commercial enzyme products from white-rot fungi had no impact on hydrolysis in biomass loading rates from 1 to 10 wt%. Moreover, it was estimated that enzymes extracted from white-rot fungi could be used at a concentration of 0.2 FPU/mL at a biomass loading from 1–10 wt%, resulting in 0.17–0.24 g of released reducing carbohydrates per gram of biomass. Higher concentrations did not result in any significant conversion increase. A mixing impact was only observed in test runs at a substrate loading of 10 wt%. The apparently positive features of the non-commercial enzyme mixes give rise to their future use. The combination and upgrade of existing technologies, e.g., efficient pre-treatment, membrane purification, and concentration and efficient product recovery, should result in even higher conversion yields.

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Tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia: three industrial crops for energy and hemicelluloses production

Biotechnology for Biofuels ◽

10.1186/s13068-021-01930-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alberto Palma ◽

Javier Mauricio Loaiza ◽

Manuel J. Díaz ◽

Juan Carlos García ◽

Inmaculada Giráldez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Energy Production ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Of Combustion ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Chamaecytisus Proliferus

Abstract Background Burning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production. Results The influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined. The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage. The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the acid hydrolysis treatment, which increased the gross calorific value (GCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. In addition, the activation energy of combustion of the acid hydrolysis residues from Chamaecytisus proliferus (Tagasaste) and Paulownia trihybrid (Paulownia) was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis. The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in Leucaena diversifolia (Leucaena) owing to its low content in hemicelluloses. Conclusions Acid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

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Functionalization of Enzymatically Treated Apple Pomace from Juice Production by Extrusion Processing

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030485 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 485

Author(s):

Vera Schmid ◽

Antje Trabert ◽

Judith (Schäfer) Keller ◽

Mirko Bunzel ◽

Heike P. Karbstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Apple Pomace ◽

Raw Material ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Extrusion Processing ◽

The Impact ◽

Treated Apple

Food by-products can be used as natural and sustainable food ingredients. However, a modification is needed to improve the technofunctional properties according to the specific needs of designated applications. A lab-scale twin-screw extruder was used to process enzymatically treated apple pomace from commercial fruit juice production. To vary the range of the thermomechanical treatment, various screw speeds (200, 600, 1000 min−1), and screw configurations were applied to the raw material. Detailed chemical and functional analyses were performed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the extrusion processing on apple pomace composition and technofunctional properties as well as structures of individual polymers. Extrusion at moderate thermomechanical conditions increased the water absorption, swelling, and viscosity of the material. An increase in thermomechanical stress resulted in a higher water solubility index, but negatively affected the water absorption index, viscosity, and swelling. Scanning electron microscopy showed an extrusion-processing-related disruption of the cell wall. Dietary fiber analysis revealed an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 12.6 to 17.2 g/100 g dry matter at maximum thermo-mechanical treatment. Dietary fiber polysaccharide analysis demonstrated compositional changes, mainly in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction. In short, pectin polysaccharides seem to be susceptible to thermo-mechanical stress, especially arabinans as neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I.

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Effect of Biochar Prepared from Food Waste through Different Thermal Treatment Processes on Crop Growth

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9020276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 276

Author(s):

Hang Jia ◽

Haoxi Ben ◽

Fengze Wu

Keyword(s):

Crop Growth ◽

Raw Material ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Growth Trend ◽

Wheat Growth ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Ft Ir ◽

The Impact

Biochar is generally accepted and increasingly valued in scientific circles as solid products in the thermochemical conversion of biomass, mainly because of its rich carbon content. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of biochar from different sources on wheat growth. In particular, this work focused on the effect of different preparation methods and raw material of biochar on the growth of wheat and aim to find a potential soil substitute that can be used for crop cultivation. Two synthetic methods were evaluated: hydrothermal conversion and pyrolysis. The characterization of biochar was determined to explore the impact of its microstructure on wheat growth. The results show that the yield of biochar produced from high-pressure reactor is significantly higher than that obtained by using microwave reactor. For example, the biochar yield obtained through the former is about six times that of the latter when using steamed bread cooked as biomass raw material. In addition, the growth trend of wheat indicates that biochar has different promoting effects on the growth of wheat in its weight and height. The pyrolyzed carbon is more suitable for wheat growth and is even more effective than soil, indicating that pyrolyzed biochar has more potential to be an alternative soil in the future. Moreover, this research tries to explore the reasons that affect crop growth by characterizing biochar (including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biofilm electrostatic test (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)). The results indicate that the biochar containing more pits and less hydroxyl functional are more suitable for storing moisture, which is one of the significant factors in the growth of crops. This study provides evidence of the effects of biochar on crop growth, both in terms of microstructure and macroscopic growth trends, which provides significant benefits for biochar to grow crops or plants.

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Effects of Urbanization on Ecosystem Services in the Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration, in China: The Case of Weifang City

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci5030054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Yuejuan Yang ◽

Hao Zhang ◽

Xinquan Zhao ◽

Zhizhang Chen ◽

Aiguo Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Population Data ◽

Raw Material ◽

Nutrient Cycle ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Impact Of Urbanization ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

The Impact

Ecosystem services are the material basis of economic and social development, and play essential roles in the sustainable development of ecosystems. Urbanization can remarkably alter the provision of ecosystem services. Most studies in this area have focused on densely populated metropolises with poor ecological environments, while comparatively few studies have focused on cities with low ecological pressures. Therefore, to avoid continuing to engage in the repetitive pattern of destroying first and rehabilitating later, quantitative analyses of urbanization and ecosystem services should be carried out in representative cities. In this study, based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis, kernel density estimation, and correlation analysis, we quantitatively evaluated the impact of urbanization on ecosystem services in Weifang city. The Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research provided remote sensing data on land use, the gross domestic production (GDP), population data, and ecosystem services. The results were as follows: (1) The variation in population, GDP, and built-up areas consistently increased throughout the study period, whereas the ecosystem service values (ESVs) decreased; (2) food production, raw material production, nutrient cycle maintenance, and soil conservation were decisive ecosystem services that led to vast reductions in ESVs during the process of urbanization; and (3) the negative correlation coefficient between built-up areas and ecosystem services was greater than that between the population or GDP and ecosystem services, which indicated that the impacts of population and economic urbanization on ecosystem services lagged behind the impact of land urbanization. This study provides references for fully recognizing the ecological effects of urbanization, and make suggestions regarding the application of ecosystem services in sustainable development.

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Sustainability of Extraction of Raw Material by a Combination of Mobile and Stationary Mining Machines and Optimization of Machine Life Cycle

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122410454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 10454

Author(s):

Katarína Teplická ◽

Martin Straka

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Raw Material ◽

Optimal Distribution ◽

Transport Costs ◽

Scientific Discussion ◽

Mining Companies ◽

Conveyor Belts ◽

The Impact

This article summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of using mining machines and their life cycle. The main goal of the article is to investigate the impact of a combination of mobile and stationary mining machines and their optimal distribution in the mining process to increase the efficiency of mining and processing of raw materials. The following methods of research were focused on the use of technical indicators for the valuation efficiency of the mining process: a simulation method was used for the distribution of mining machines, comparison analysis was used for the real and past state of mining machines, and a decision tree was used as managerial instrument for optimal alternatives of mining machines. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that optimal distribution of mining machines and machine parks is very important for mining companies. The benefit of this research for the mining company was the new location of the machines and the combination of stationary production lines and mobile equipment. The optimal layout of the machines reduced the number of conveyor belts and improved the transfer of limestone processing to mobile devices, saving time, which was reflected in transport costs. The results can be useful for other mining companies seeking to create an optimal machine park.

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Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽

Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽

Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽

Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽

Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

End Use ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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Salivary Digestion Extends the Range of Sugar-Aversions in the German Cockroach

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12030263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 263

Author(s):

Ayako Wada-Katsumata ◽

Coby Schal

Keyword(s):

Rapid Evolution ◽

German Cockroach ◽

Gustatory System ◽

Resistance Trait ◽

Cockroach Blattella Germanica ◽

Behavioral Resistance ◽

Gustatory Information ◽

The Impact ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Glucose Aversion

Saliva has diverse functions in feeding behavior of animals. However, the impact of salivary digestion of food on insect gustatory information processing is poorly documented. Glucose-aversion (GA) in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a highly adaptive heritable behavioral resistance trait that protects the cockroach from ingesting glucose-containing-insecticide-baits. In this study, we confirmed that GA cockroaches rejected glucose, but they accepted oligosaccharides. However, whereas wild-type cockroaches that accepted glucose also satiated on oligosaccharides, GA cockroaches ceased ingesting the oligosaccharides within seconds, resulting in significantly lower consumption. We hypothesized that saliva might hydrolyze oligosaccharides, releasing glucose and terminating feeding. By mixing artificially collected cockroach saliva with various oligosaccharides, we demonstrated oligosaccharide-aversion in GA cockroaches. Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, prevented the accumulation of glucose and rescued the phagostimulatory response and ingestion of oligosaccharides. Our results indicate that pre-oral and oral hydrolysis of oligosaccharides by salivary alpha-glucosidases released glucose, which was then processed by the gustatory system of GA cockroaches as a deterrent and caused the rejection of food. We suggest that the genetic mechanism of glucose-aversion support an extended aversion phenotype that includes glucose-containing oligosaccharides. Salivary digestion protects the cockroach from ingesting toxic chemicals and thus could support the rapid evolution of behavioral and physiological resistance in cockroach populations.

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Dependency in Africa: Stages of African Political Economy

Alternatives Global Local Political ◽

10.1177/030437548300900203 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 229-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amechi Okolo

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

International System ◽

Raw Material ◽

The West ◽

Cheap Labour ◽

History Of ◽

The Common ◽

First Contact ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This paper traces the history of the relationship between Africa and the West since their first contact brought about by the outward thrust of the West, under the impetus of rising capitalism, in search of cheap labour and cheap raw material for its industries and expanding markets for its industrial products, both of which could be better ensured through domination and exploitation. The paper identifies five successive stages that African political economy has passed through under the impact of this relationship, each phase qualitatively different from the other but all having the common characteristic of domination-dependence syndrome, and each phase having been dictated by the dynamics of capitalism in different eras and by the dominant forces in the changing international system. Its finding is that the way to the latest stage, the dependency phase, was paved by the progressive proletarianization of the African peoples and the maintenance of an international peonage system. It ends by indicating the direction in which Africa can make a beginning to break out of dependency and achieve liberation.

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Gula cair dan gula recengan berbahan dasar gula merah tebu

DEDIKASI ◽

10.26858/dedikasi.v22i1.13825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Yasser ◽

A.M. Iqbal Akbar Asfar ◽

Marlia Rianti ◽

A.M. Irfan Taufan Asfar ◽

Eko Budianto

Keyword(s):

Community Service ◽

Sugar Cane ◽

Economic Value ◽

Business Group ◽

Raw Material ◽

Community Partnership ◽

Brown Sugar ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

The Impact ◽

Partnership Program

This Community Service is a Community Partnership Program that was carried out by to partners of the Brown Sugar Cane Business Group in Latellang Village, Patimpeng District. The processing of sugar cane so far has been very simple, and some of the sugar cane businesses were out of business due to the consumption and need for brown sugar cane by the community, especially the Latellang and other villages, who are reluctant to consume brown sugar cane. This reluctance is caused by the aroma of brown sugar cane. Therefore, diversification of brown sugar cane products was carried out by processing brown sugar cane into Liquid sugar and Recengan sugar. The results of the PKM program were able to provide partners with increased knowledge of processing brown sugar cane into a diversified product that has high economic value and reduced the price of brown sugar cane from Rp. 10,000 per kilogram into products with 250 grams of brown sugar cane as raw material. 2-3 bottles of Liquid Sugar (250 ml plastic packaging) with a price of Rp.10,000 per bottle and produce 15 pieces of Recengan Sugar. Especially for Recengan sugar packaging, it is packaged in pouch containing 8 Recengan sugar ata a price of Rp.10,000. The impact will be revive the production of cane brown sugar to the Cane Brown Sugar Business Group partners, especially in Latellang Village.

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