Attitudes towards disabled persons scale in Nepali: development and validation

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Continuous advocacy regarding the attitudes of individuals towards individuals with disabilities in the United States, public awareness is still mostly negative. For Persons with disabilities, research has highlighted the fact that these negative attitudes do interfere with their work environment, affecting their self-esteem and health care. Attitude of general population towards person with disability has not been studied. There is hardly any literature regarding the attitude of common people towards person with disability in Nepal. The objective was to translate and validate attitudes towards disabled persons (ATDP) scale into Nepali language. In addition, it was also attempted to compare the attitudes towards persons with disability across gender.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A survey method using questionnaire was conducted and administered on people of Nepal. Attitudes toward disabled persons scale were first translated into Nepali language as per the guidelines by WHO. The translated scale was administered on 114 native Nepali speakers for validation. Internal consistency and gender differences in ATDP scores were calculated. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The results of the study showed that the questionnaire had good internal consistency. There was no significant difference in scores across gender. ATDP scores obtained from Nepali population were lower than the scores from other developed countries.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The present study indicates that the translated and validated version of ATDP scale in Nepali language can be used as a standard tool in assessing attitudes towards person with disability in Nepal.</p>

EFIKASI KENDIRI, SIKAP, KESEDIAAN DAN CABARAN MENJALANKAN KAUNSELING KLIEN BERKEPERLUAN KHAS[SELF-EFFICACY, ATTITUDE, READINESS AND CHALLENGES IN EXECUTING THE GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICE WITH SPECIAL NEED CLIENTS]

This research studied self-efficacy, attitude, readiness and challenges in executing the guidance and counseling service with special need clients. Employing a mixed methods research design, this research focused on 400 counseling teachers servicing at secondary schools in Perlis, Kedah and Penang, Malaysia. Three instruments were used in this research – ‘School Counselor Self-efficacy Scale’, ‘Attitudes toward Disabled Person Scale – Form O’ and ’School Counselor Preparation Survey – Revised’. For the quantitative part, multiple regression analysis was used. The research findings illustrate that self-efficacy appear to be the biggest contributor (31.9%) towards the readiness level in executing special need client counseling. The combination of self-efficacy level and attitude adds 3.8% to the influence towards counseling teachers’ readiness to execute guidance and counseling for special need students. The qualitative analysis on 12 participants gives insights into the challenges faced by the counseling teachers. This research is hoped to help counseling teachers understand factors (such as self-efficacy and attitude) that may influence the readiness to face the challenges. This research also explains the importance of counseling teachers’ self-efficacy and attitude towards clients with special needs in determining the intention of certain behaviours. This is to ensure that counseling teachers are competent in the guidance and counseling services especially for clients with special needs. Keywords: Attitude, guidance and counseling service, self-efficacy, special need clients, readiness and challengesCite as: Bakar, R., Che Aman, R. & Syed Abdullah, S.M., (2017). Efikasi kendiri, sikap, kesediaan dan cabaran menjalankan kaunseling klien berkeperluan khas [Self-efficacy, attitude, readiness and challenges in executing the guidance and counseling service with special need clients]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 264-281. AbstrakGuru kaunseling menghadapi pelbagai cabaran dalam perkhidmatan bimbingan dan kaunseling klien berkeperluan khas. Hal ini berpunca daripada ketiadaan latihan khusus dalam bidang pendidikan khas. Kajian ini mengkaji efikasi kendiri, sikap, kesediaan dan cabaran menjalankan perkhidmatan bimbingan dan kaunseling klien berkeperluan khas. Reka bentuk kajian adalah berbentuk campuran (mix-method) dan memfokus kepada 400 guru-guru kaunseling yang berkhidmat di sekolah-sekolah menengah di Perlis, Kedah dan Pulau Pinang. Tiga instrumen digunakan dalam kajian ini iaitu School Counselor Self-efficacy Scale, Attitudes toward Disabled Person Scale – Form O dan School Counselor Preparation Survey – Revised. Analisis regresi berganda menunjukkan kombinasi efikasi kendiri dan sikap merupakan penyumbang kepada kesediaan menjalankan bimbingan dan kaunseling murid berkeperluan khas dengan efikasi kendiri merupakan penyumbang terbesar iaitu sebanyak 31.9%. Analisis kualitatif terhadap 12 subjek kajian pula mendapati cabaran guru kaunseling ketika menjalankan perkhidmatan bimbingan dan kaunseling murid berkeperluan khas di sekolah adalah dari sudut komunikasi, kecekapan, membina hubungan, layanan, kepercayaan, penentuan matlamat, penerokaan, komitmen klien, celik akal klien, dan pelaksanaan program. Cabaran-cabaran tersebut berjaya diatasi oleh guru kaunseling disebabkan efikasi dan sikap yang positif. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat membantu guru kaunseling memahami faktor-faktor seperti efikasi kendiri dan sikap yang boleh mempengaruhi kesediaan untuk mengharungi cabaran ketika menjalankan sesi bimbingan dan kaunseling. Kata Kunci: Bimbingan dan kaunseling, efikasi kendiri, klien berkeperluan khas, kesediaan dan cabaran, sikap.

A Psychometric Validation of the Internal and External Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice Toward People With Disabilities Scale

Objective: To determine the factorial validity of the Internal and External Motivation to Respond without Prejudice toward People with Disabilities Scale (D-IMS/EMS).Design: A quantitative descriptive design using factor analysis.Participants: 233 rehabilitation counseling and rehabilitation services students.Results: Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the 2-factor structure of the D-IMS/EMS. The internal motivation and external motivation factors were found to correlate with the Attitudes toward Disabled Persons—Form A and the Contact with Disabled Persons Scale in the predicted direction.Conclusions: The D-IMS/EMS appears to have sufficient reliability and validity; the 2-factor solution was found to be acceptable. Further research with other groups of participants is needed.

Emotional Intelligence and Attitudes toward People with Disabilities: A Comparison between Two Cultures

The purpose of the study was to provide a framework for understanding the relationships among culture, emotional intelligence as measured by the Affective Response to Literature Survey (ARLS) and the Schutte Self-Report Inventory (SSRI), and attitude towards people with disabilities as measured by the Attitudes Toward Disabled Person Scale-Form A (ATDP-A). Results indicated significant (p < .01) differences among students' educational levels and their attitudes toward people with disabilities: Students with higher education levels reported higher ATDP-A scores. Costa Rican students scored significantly (p < .01) higher on the SSRI than students in the United States. In addition, significant (p < .01) differences were found between females from both groups and their male counterparts on the ARLS. Implications include the possibility of enhancing clients' emotional intelligence to assist in their coping and to increase individual's positive attitudes toward people with disabilities.