THE PROJECT OF ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM AT THE ALL-RUSSIAN MUSEUM CONFERENCE OF 1919

В начале ХХ в. в России активно обсуждался вопрос создания специализированного археологического музея. Этой проблеме был посвящен ряд выступлений на профессиональных форумах музейных работников. Обсуждалась она и на Первой Всероссийской конференции по делам музеев в Петрограде в феврале 1919 г. Со специальным докладом на эту тему выступил авторитетный археолог А. А. Миллер, имевший опыт музейной работы и активно проявивший себя в революционную эпоху как организатор музейного дела. В обсуждении доклада приняли участие такие видные ученые, как С. А. Жебелёв, Н. Я. Марр и др. В данном сообщении авторы впервые анализируют материалы стенограммы этого обсуждения и помещают его в контекст развития отечественной археологической/музейной мысли начала ХХ в. In the early 20thcentury the creation of a specialized archaeological museum was actively discussed in Russia. A number of communications in professional forums of museum workers were devoted to this problem. It was also discussed at the First AllRussian Museums' Conference in Petrograd in February 1919. A special report on this subject was held by archeologist A. A. Miller, who had experience of museum work and showed himself in the revolutionary era as an organizer of museum activity. Prominent scholars such as S. A. Zhebelyov, N. Ya. Marr and others took part in the discussion of his report. In this article the authors analyze the materials of the transcript of this discussion for the first time and place it in the context of the development of Russian archaeological/ museum thought of the early 20th century.

The role of Karl K. Koststyushko-Valyuzhinich in developing scientific library of Tauric Chersonese State Museum and Heritage Site

On July 15 – September 5, 2020, the exhibition “Non-archeological values of the archeological museum” took place at Tauric Chersonese State Museum and Heritage Site. The exhibition revealed the history of the book collection of Karl Kazimirovich Koststyushko-Valyuzhinich (1847−1907), museum founder and first head of excavations. Museum researchers investigate into the origins of the museum scientific library, both the books purchased by the founder and individual publications in the museum book collection. The authors conclude that the museum library was formed, in large part, on the basis Koststyushko Valyuzhinich’s book collection and down to his book preferences. In fact, the unique museum book collection was formed during the lifetime of the outstanding figure. That is the reason for the museum library, and precisely, its part acquired by Koststyushko-Valyuzhinich, to be included into the register of Russian book monuments.

Two Sarmatian Stone Slabs with Tamgas in Odessa Archeological Museum Collections

Based on a series of high-quality photos, new analysis was performed for tamgas along with animal and male images on Sarmatian stone slabs from Kryvyi Rih and from Gorgippia. Both stone slabs were created as a result of natural shape stones edges chipping; both were dug into the ground and functioned as the mini-shrines located, probably, in sacred places or at the settlement entrances. They are similar in size, both painted red and both contain a number of sacrificial recesses at the top (in the sacred numbers 3 or 7). Slab from Kryvyi Rih (Figs. 1–2) depicts large earliest signs (mostly used on territories of Western Ukraine and the “barbarian” parts of Crimea) placed around the head of a god with animal ears (similar to the Ossetian Afsati). The later minor signs include the largest number of the Lower Don and the Central Asia (Kangju, Khorezm) tamgas. Also the signs of the kings found here (the ruler of Khorezm – no. 9, the co-ruler of Tiburius Julius Eupator of Bosporus – no. 8). The complex of images was in use since the beginning of the 1st until the middle of the 3rd centuries CE. Five hands of different men are depicted in relief on the stone slab from Gorgyppia (Fig. 3). There are three hands with goblets for making a contract and a quiver with a belt in front of them (probable heroization motif). There are also a hand raised for prayer and a hand passing a quiver. Those three participants match three tamgas (belonging to the “barbarian” regions of Crimea) and three sacrificial recesses at the top. All the images on the slab were probably made at the same time, shortly after the middle of the 2nd c. CE.

The geosite of Pertosa-Auletta cave: an educational journey into the underworld

<p>The Pertosa-Auletta cave is a complex karst system of southern Italy included in the “Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni” UNESCO Global Geopark as a focal geosite for the important geological heritage, the experience in geoturism management and the cultural, didactic and recreational appeal. Representing one of the most important perennial springs of the Alburni massif, since the early 1900s, this cave has played a key role within the territory of the Alburni, Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, so the complex welcomes thousands of visitors from all over the world every year. The site is managed by the MIdA Foundation (Integrated Environmental Museum) with the goal of education on environmental and landscape value of the caves. Geological peculiarities, historical-cultural characteristics, as well as environmental protection of the geosite are the main subjects of MIdA actions targeted to the local community and geotouristis. Thanks to the cooperation with several national and international research institutes, the Foundation contributes to the production of new knowledge and to the dissemination of results through its organization. In addition to the cave, the MidA system includes two Museums: the Speleo-Archaeological Museum and the Soil Museums, where visitors are led on a journey into the underworld. Tours and practical activities focus on multidisciplinary information about carsism, genesis of the Pertosa-Auletta cave, archeological findings in the site. A special effort is devoted to soils, precious sources of underground treasures, and ecosystem processes regulating life on the planet. The tour starts from the rocks and their properties and continues through habitats for the growth of numerous lifeforms linked to their structure and chemical composition. The complex relationshis of below-ground environments with water and other earth features are presented. The Pertosa-Auletta cave offers a good example of how people can understand the importance of a complex karst system. Inside the cave the Negro, an underground river flows and it plays an important role in the karst complex. Water and sediments of the Negro have preserved an archeological settlement on piles dating back to the Bronze Age. The presence of piles inside a cave represents one of the most characteristic features of this karst complex and is an example of different uses of the cave through the ages. During the Bronze Age, the Pertosa-Auletta cave was used for both a cultural and a living purpose. In Classical and Medieval times, the complex became a shrine, dedicated first to pagan gods related to fertility and then to the Archangel Michael. Findings are shown in the MIdA Speleo-Archeological Museum along with multimedia displays and reconstructions of the Prehistoric pile. The Pertosa-Auletta cave is also a research site on karst phenomena, hydrology and speleo-biology with important findings on vermiculations, where the evidence of microbial activity supports the possible involvement of biogenic processes in vermiculation development in karst caves. </p>

Conservation and Restoration of Molybdobulls from the Fund of the Archaeological Museum "Veliki Preslav"

Archaeological Museum "Veliki Preslav" has over 110 years of history. It was founded as part of the Archaeological Society "Ticha" on October 26, 1906 and lasted in this form until 1949. Then the museum was provided with a large building next to the church monument "St.St. Cyril and Methodius", not far from the Preslav Palace. In 1981, the museum was moved in a new purpose-built building, where it still welcomes history lovers from around the world. At the permanent exhibition you can see epigraphic monuments that testify to the spread of literature, as well as examples of artistic crafts, showing the rise of the Bulgarian state. The most striking examples of this are the Preslav golden treasure and objects of the Preslav white clay pottery. More than 35,000 objects are stored in the museum funds, 1700 of which are presented in the exposition hall. The most significant Preslav samples have been included in dozens of international exhibitions, in hundreds of scientific publications, film and media productions. Today Veliki Preslav has its own archeological museum with a magnificent exposition, visited annually by tens of thousands of Bulgarian and foreign tourists. The museum's collections most fully present the phenomenon of the Golden Age and illustrate the place of Simeon's capital as a leading center of Slavic writing, art and art crafts in Southeast Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. More than 570 sphragistic monuments are stored in the museum's fund. For most of them there is accurate information about their location, which makes them full sources for Bulgarian history from IX - XI century. In 1978, a team of archaeologists led by Ivanka Akrabova-Zhandova, exploring the area in the southeastern part of the inner city of Preslav, discovered a building with massive foundations and preserved squares of construction, which plan resembles a pagan temple or shrine. As a result of the excavations, which continued in the following years, more than 500 molybdobulls, 250 lead cores and three molds for their casting have been discovered. These findings testify to the administrative nature of the building, in which not only the correspondence was stored, but it was also sent. Therefore, we are talking about an chancellery that served the local Byzantine strategists. Thanks to the seals found there, we found the names of 17 strategists of Preslav in the period 971-1059. The molybdobulls also present the names of persons who wrote to the local strategist. Almost all social groups in the empire are represented - from the emperor himself to the common spatary. In 2019, 50 lead seals were included in the exhibition "At the Gates of the Royal Court. Treasures of Veliki Preslav", which was opened at the Archaeological Museum in Sofia. In 2020, the project "Conservation and restoration of molybdobulls from the Strategy in Great Preslav" was completed. This project was implemented by the Archaeological Museum "Veliki Preslav" in partnership with National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 100 of the most affected molybdobulls have undergone conservation and restoration. Restoration activities are a necessary step that must be carried out before the digitalization of the sphragistic fund. Keywords: Conservation; Restoration; Molybdulls

MUSEUMS IN KYIV (1830'S - 1919): FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, TRANSFORMATION DURING THE REVOLUTION

The article analyzes the formation and development of Kyiv museums during the imperial period, as well as the transformations, that took place in this field during the revolutionary period (1917 - 1919). The article deals with the history of museums through the prism of analyzing the contribution of central and local authorities to the development and further activities of museum institutions. The influence of the state authorities and the Ukrainian national movement on the development of museums is considered in the example of the largest Kyiv museums. Museums have played an essential role in the formation of collective memory, memory policy, the nation-building processes et cetera. During the study period in European countries, national museums were opened. As P. Aronsson and G. Elgenius mentioned, «The national museum is thus a knowledge-based socio-political institution, with corresponding collections and displays that ultimately claim, articulate and represent dominant national values and myths». This article examines the potential of Kyiv museum institutions to become Ukrainian national museums. Kyiv during the imperial period was an important centre of Russian culture and power. For imperial authorities, Kyiv was the administrative centre of the Southwestern region, the city from which Christianity spread, the centre of Russification of Ukrainian territory et cetera. At the same time, Kyiv was the centre of the Ukrainian movement in the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian activists could perceive this city in a completely different way – as a historic capital. For the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire, museum institutions had great potential in the study of the history and culture of Ukrainian lands. The first museums in Kyiv were opened at St. Volodymyr University in the 1830s. The most significant museums in the city were the Church-Archeological Museum at the Kyiv Theological Academy and the Kyiv City (Art, Industrial and Scientific) Museum There was no purposeful state museum policy in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the imperial and local authorities had an influence on the creation of museum institutions and their further development (mostly through funding). From the point of view of imperial power, which acted in a particular paradigm of non-recognition of Ukrainians as a separate people, Kyiv museums were supposed to be “Russian”, followed by, or should be followed by, authorities of all levels. However, supporters of the Ukrainian national movement, occupying official positions, used the museums for their purposes, finding opportunities to involve local authorities and patrons. The city's museums operated under different signage, but they had the potential to become Ukrainian national museums, most of all the Kyiv City Museum. This museum has evolved accordingly, thanks to scholars associated with it. In 1917 - 1919 the situation in the city changed. Ukrainian state entities - the UNR and the Ukrainian state, of course, had completely different views on the development of the Ukrainian nation and sought to implement the "Ukrainian project" by creating their state. History and culture were now an essential lever of legitimizing the new government, which, thanks to the influence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia, understood the possibilities of the museum industry. The Ukrainian National Museum had a crucial role in this process. There was no doubt that it should be based in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.

IV INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE ‘CONNECTIONS OF THE CRIMEA WITH THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE EAST’

The article covers the proceedings of the IV International Academic Conference ‘Historical, Cultural, Interethnic, Religious and Political Relations of the Crimea with the Mediterranean Region and the Countries of the East’, which was held on October 6–10, 2020 in Sevastopol on the basis of the Sevastopol State University and the State Historical and Archeological Museum-Reserve ‘Chersonesos Taurica’. Talks on given problems were distributed through several areas of research — marine archeology, data from written sources, history, international affairs, historiography and cartography, archeology, numismatics, and others. Particular attention was paid to the interdisciplinary and complex research.

OBJECTS FROM ALEXANDROPOL KURGAN IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF KHARKIV KARAZIN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

As known the collection of finds from Alexandropol Kurgan was stored in the Commission for the Study of Antiquities (St. Petersburg) which was reorganized in the Imperial Archaeological Commission in 1859, and at the same time collection was given to the Hermitage. In 1932 by decision of the Parity Commission items from this barrow were transferred to the Ukrainian History Museum (now the M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum). The small part of collection was left in the Hermitage for electroplating. During World War II, the Kharkiv’s part of collection became almost negligible, so from more than 4000 finds more than 100 items were survived. After the war part of the collection (about 400 items) kept in the collections of the Archeological Museum of Kharkiv University. All past documentation was lost during the war. In the new inventory books, compiled after the war, the items were marked as numbers 74—88 under the year of receipt 1945. Any notes on the possible reasons for transferring things to university storage are absent. The collection of Alexandropol kurgan stored in the Archeological Museum of Kharkiv Karazin national university consists of the 165 round six-petal plaques, 120 seven-petal plaques, 19 round plaques with four holes along the edge, one (and one fragment) round plaque with six holes, 9 bronze crescent pendants, 12 bronze fragments of the ends of crescent and 19 small fragments from them, 64 tubular pierces (intact and in fragments), 7 silver plaques depicting the griffin and the fragment of silver typeset belt. Full publication of Alexandropol artifacts from the Kharkiv collection would make this complex appropriate to recreate the complete picture of the burial of Scythian chieftain and increase the further development of Scythian studies.