Trace Metal Residues in Swimming Warrior Crab Callinectes bellicosus: A Consumption Risk

This study was carried out in the Navachiste coastal lagoon, Mexico, surrounded by intensive agricultural and aquaculture activities that cause environmental pollution by the deposition of trace metal residues in the sediments of this coastal lagoon. The trace metals are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms such as the blue swimming warrior crab, Callinectes bellicosus, which inhabits this lagoon and is consumed by humans. Ninety-five C. bellicosus edible tissue samples were collected (April 2014–January 2015). The extraction procedure of the trace metals in edible tissue samples was carried out by acid digestion with nitric acid. Based on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States, two indices were used to measure health risk: the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The hazard index (HI) was used to calculate the probability of adverse carcinogenic risk and the target hazard quotient per sample (MHI) to calculate the probability of developing a carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among trace metal concentrations (p < 0.01), but all trace metal concentrations in the edible tissues of C. bellicosus were higher than the maximum residual limits (MRLs). The highest EDI was for Zn, Fe, and Cu, showing that the consumption of these crabs might represent health risks. The THQ >1 was for Ni, Zn, Cd, and Cu, and the HI = 16 revealed the risk of C. bellicosus for high-level consumers. The MHI showed that 98% of samples presented a THQ >1, implying a high rate of bioaccumulation of trace metals by the crabs independent of the sampling site in the NAV. The presence of trace metals in the edible tissue of crabs reflects contamination by trace metals, and the indices results mean that the NAV lagoon is constantly polluted with trace metal residues by neighboring agriculture and aquaculture activities. These trace metal residues are being bioaccumulated in the edible tissues of C. bellicosus due to its feeding habits, resulting in a health risk if its consumption is high, including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.

Microplastics evaluation in edible tissues of flying fish (Parexocoetus mento) from the Bintaro fish market, Lombok, Indonesia

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic fragments that are degraded into small particles with a diameter of <5 mm. Pollution in the ocean by MPs has become a global threat which damages aquatic and marine ecosystems. There are several types of MPs detected in the digestive tract and in edible fish tissue. However, such report remains limited in Indonesia. Despite the high rate of plastic pollution in Indonesian coastal areas. This study aims to determine the presence, abundance and characteristics of MPs including type, shape, and color in the edible tissue of commercially important pelagic fish species from the Bintaro fish market, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Flying Fish (Parexocoetus mento) was evaluated for MPs content in their edible tissue. Isolation of MPs in fish meat was conducted by firstly adding 10% KOH solution followed by incubation for 24 h. Furthermore, the solution was incubated in the oven for 48 h at a temperature of 90oC. The WPO (Wet Peroxide Oxidation) reaction was carried out by adding 30 mL of 0.05 M Fe(II) oxide and 30 mL of 20% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) continued by heating on a hotplate at 75oC at 350 rpm for 45 minutes to remove organic matter from fish. The remaining filtrateswere treated by further heating, followed by filtration with stainless steel sieves (45//m). Current results show five types of MPs detected in fish sample were Fragment, Filament/fiber, Film, Foam and Pellet. The most abundant type of MPs was fragment type (368.67 particle/fish). Current results show a significant amount of MPs were found in edible tissue of flying fish in Bintaro market. However further characterization of MPs would be needed to confirm the MPs types. Nevertheless, current study show the potential contamination of MPs in P. mento fish commercially sold in fish market at Lombok, Indonesia. Hence, awareness should be raised in local communities to reduce plastic pollution in marine and coastal areas.

Quantification of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Water and Edible Fish Tissue Samples Collected From the River Tawi, Jammu, India

The present study estimated the concentration (in ppm) of heavy metals of Zn, Fe, Cu and Pb in water samples and edible tissue of Labeo boga; both collected from the non polluted (Station I) and polluted (Station II) locations of river Tawi, Jammu, India. The mean concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb) at Station I were 0.048±0.008 (ppm); 0.016±0.001 (ppm); 0.157±0.002 (ppm) and 0.0001±0.0001 respectively; while at Station II, these values were 0.133±0.001 (ppm); 0.022±0.002 (ppm); 0.206±0.002 (ppm) and 0.002±0.001 (ppm) respectively; the statistical difference between the stations were significantly higher (p<0.05). The order of heavy metal load obtained in water samples at both the stations was found to be Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb. Also, the mean bioaccumulation of heavy metals viz. Zn, Fe, Cu and Pb in the edible tissue of fish at Station I was found to be 0.374±0.011 (ppm), 0.105±0.02 (ppm); 0.094±0.04 (ppm) and0.001±0.0001 (ppm) respectively; on the other hand, mean bioaccumulation was 0.539±0.013 (ppm); 0.156±0.04 (ppm); 0.121±0.023 (ppm) and 0.0013±0.0001 (ppm) respectively at Station II. Even though bioaccumulation of the heavy metals in the experimental sites did not exceed the acceptable limits recommended by the agencies like FAO and WHO, the present results showed an increasing trend of the accumulation, which definitely poses a serious threat to the survival of aquatic organisms in the study area. J. Bio-Sci. 29(2): 19-29, 2021 (December)

DETERMINATION OF SOME ESSENTIAL AND NON-ESSENTIAL MINERAL ELEMENTS IN EDIBLE TISSUE IN THREE FISH SPECIES FROM GREATER ZAB RIVER, ERBIL GOVERNORATE, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ

The purpose of the current study was to determine certain mineral components in edible tissue in different species of fish from Greater Zab River, Erbil Governorate- Kurdistan Region-Iraq. A total of 180 fish namely Capoeta trutta, Chondrostoma regium and Leuciscus cephalus were collected from Gali Balinda, Bn Khiveta, Galiesule, Pirsal and Bekhme between July and November 2019. After removal of eviscerated, deboned, head and fins, fish were washed with purified water and muscle samples were collected above the lateral line between the dorsal fin and the caudal fin, then dried for important and non-essential metals examination at 750 C for 48 h. Results showed that levels of K, Na, P, Ca, Cd and Hg in the edible tissue of Chondrostoma regium fish were significantly higher than in the Capoeta trutta and Luciobarbus esocinus fish, whereas the edible tissue in Capoeta trutta exhibited the highest mean values for lead, barium and arsenic. In all species, the highest concentrations of K, Na, and Mg were recorded in Gali Balinda, whereas the highest concentration of P and Ca were recorded in Pirsal during studied period. According to the results, the government should have environmental policies to improve, keep and enrich the water quality assessment in Greater Zab River

Comparison of postmortem inspection procedures for detecting caseous lymphadenitis of Australian sheep and goats

Alternative postmortem inspection procedures for the detection of gross abnormalities due to Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) of sheep and goats were compared quantitatively against the current Australian Standard (AS4696). Studies on sheep and goats in Australia during 2016 addressed data gaps regarding current prevalence, combinations of multiple lesions within affected carcases and sensitivity of inspection procedures enabling a comparison of alternative with current procedures. Using these contemporary inspection data from 54 915 sheep and 48 577 goats a desktop study estimated the effect of implementing alternative procedures of reduced palpation from eleven carcase sites to the four sites most commonly affected. Under current procedures it was estimated that 86 sheep and 34 goat carcases with CLA lesions are missed per 10,000 carcases. Under alternative procedures it is estimated that an additional 48.4 sheep and 10.5 goat carcases with CLA lesions would be missed per 10 000 carcases. Of these, 38.2 sheep and 5.6 goat per 10 000 carcases would contain CLA only in routinely discarded, non-edible tissue sites. Hence, only an additional 10.2 sheep and 4.9 goat carcases per 10 000 inspected, with CLA in edible tissue sites are estimated to be missed. These alternative procedures have now been officially implemented in the Australian domestic standard.