Biographies of the People of Kurinjila in the Sangam Akapadals

The people of the Sangam period, who lived on the basis of land, were divided into small groups based on the occupation they carried out in the area in which they lived. There have been inequalities within them due to the industry and economy they have undertaken. Usually in the present context, while two brothers from the samefamily are rising and falling due to the quality of education or economic advancement, their future status as two brothers is bisexual, and they are inequitable on the basis of whether they are comfortable or not. It was in this context that the people of the Sangam period were subdivided on the basis of land and then divided into smaller sections on the basis of the occupation carried on in the land. In it, the article sets out to explore the lives of the people of Kurinji land with the help of Sangam Akapadal.

Italy

Nineteenth-century Italy witnessed the rise of nationalist politics, industrial capitalism, and colonialist adventurism. Intellectuals viewed political conquest and technological progress as barbaric and invasive, feeling alienated from a changing world dominated by bourgeois materialism and by the lower classes seeking economic advancement. This isolating tendency represented a desire to rise above mediocrity, to be greater than the common man. Progress was viewed with cynicism, and writers met with despair the failure of ideals in the post-Risorgimento world. Once the guiding hand of the populace, intellectuals now lost their way, as well as their ability to reconcile the profound contradictions in society and their cultural expectations. This article explores how Italian decadentismo as a spiritual reaction to progress occasioned an escape from reality. It also touches on the dichotomies present in the literature, illustrating the despondency of Italian writers at the fin de siècle.

Does Micro-Credit Lending to Small Scale Enterprises Stimulate Economic Advancement in Nigeria? Evidence from ARDL Analysis

The microfinance institutions are evident tools for Small Scale Enterprises development due to the roles they perform in the economic advancement. Past studies have shown microfinance serves as a key player in the financial sector that has positively impacted in all works of life through the services it offers. This study is positioned to explore the case of Nigeria by examining the impact of micro-credit lending to Small Scale Enterprises on economic advancement in Nigeria over the period 1992–2019, using the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration analysis. Controlling for the possible effects of crude oil price and trade openness on economic advancement in Nigeria, this study found the relationship between micro-credit lending to Small Scale Enterprises and economic advancement is negative and significant in the long‐run and positive but insignificant in the short‐run, thus, suggesting the weakness of financial intermediary sector in resource mobilization and allocation in Nigeria. The result, in general, illustrates the vulnerability of the financial sector in stimulating economic advancement by providing micro-credit for small businesses and the unbanked. Hence, this study suggests a well‐articulated policy framework that will facilitate access to financial services.

Interregional relations in the governance system of the subsidized region of Siberia

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to reducing the disparity of regions in terms of socio-economic development. Objectives. The article aims to consider and assess the interregional relations in the governance system of the subsidized region of Siberia. Methods. For the study, I used a statistical analysis. Results. Based on an analysis of different approaches to the development of interregional integration processes, the article proposes various forms of cooperation between regions in different spheres of activities. Conclusions. The main reason for the tenuous interregional relationship in the regional governance system is the lack of economic, institutional, and legal measures to ensure integration. The development of external integration with neighboring regions can contribute to the social and economic advancement of the subsidized region in terms of strategic perspective.

DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT IN THE STOCK MARKET AND THEIR IMPACT ON INVESTOR DECISION-MAKING

The financial markets are the place where the money savers demand of investment from investors in last few years are witnessed many significant development in financial markets and marketing processes in addition to the diversity of financial instruments and increase of opportunities for investors which they looking for a favourable environment for investment , financial markets are the mainstay of economic advancement subsequently the protection for the investors by protecting them from their own decisions.the main objective of this research to identify and overcome obstacles facing investors in financial markets,which affect on the achievement of the goals in various inverse to achieve the desired profits.

Divided loyalties: St Joseph’s Nudgee College, the Great War and Anzac Day, 1915–39

St Joseph’s Nudgee College is an Irish Christian Brothers boys’ boarding school in Brisbane. It was established in 1891 to provide the children of Irish Catholics living in regional and remote Queensland and northern New South Wales with access to an education that would act as a vehicle for socio-economic advancement. The first decades of the college’s existence were nevertheless defined by two competing, sometimes contradictory imperatives. An often-belligerent determination to retain an Irish identity existed side by side with an awareness that a ‘ghetto mentality’ would hinder the socio-economic advancement of Queensland’s Catholics. The balancing act that this necessitated was particularly evident in the College’s mixed reaction to the outbreak of war in 1914 and the subsequent reticence to celebrate Anzac Day between 1916 and 1939. This article explores the College’s response through its Annuals (Year Books) and places it in the context of the Australian Irish Catholic experience of war and commemoration.

Conclusion

This chapter assesses the achievement of the Jewish Reformation by exploring Martin Buber’s and Franz Rosenzweig’s Jewish Counter-Reformation critique of it. Buber’s and Rosenzweig’s claim that the Jewish Reformation embodies a spiritually vacuous, craven account of Judaism whose final goal is social acceptance and economic advancement is rejected. It is argued that the Jewish Reformation Bible translations show security in a Judaism continuous with rabbinic tradition while Buber’s and Rosenzweig’s attempt to leap over rabbinic tradition to return to a “naked encounter” with the Bible evinces deep insecurity about their Judaism and their attempt to Germanicize the Bible reflects anxiety about the Jews’ place in German society. The dramatic, emotionally intense “archaic modernism” of Buber’s and Rosenzweig’s radical return to tradition is contrasted with the steady, learned spirituality of Mendelssohn’s, Zunz’s, and Hirsch’s middle-class Judaism.

Introduction

The Introduction lays out the subject matter, problem, and plan of the book. A central theme is the emergence of middle-class German Judaism and the fraught dynamics of German Jews’ quest for legal and social equality. The connection between Bible translation and a “Jewish Reformation” and the importance of Protestant categories of religion are investigated. Three forms of bourgeois, middle-class German Judaism are explored: Moses Mendelssohn’s Haskalah, Leopold Zunz’s moderate Reform, and Samson Raphael Hirsch’s Neo-Orthodoxy. It is argued that bourgeois German Judaism is best understood as a spiritual enterprise where social and economic advancement are means to religious development and ethical responsibility.