Effect of Rape on Physical and Psychological Aspects of Girl Child in Northern Nigeria

Rape is considered as a heartrending moment in a woman’s or girl’s life, it is reality but remain hidden to appropriate authority due to certain distress associated with stigma against the survivor, fear of victimization, cultural barrier, religious sentiments, shame influential, and lack of cognizance on human right. Rape is simply when sexual intercourse occur without ones consent (not willing) or force a person to have sexual intercourse against his/her will, it happen when someone is intoxicated from alcohol or drugs and sometimes for ritual purpose. It can be through vagina, anus or mouth. In northern Nigeria, rape is defined under section 282 of the panel code as. (a) Any act of rape against her will, (b) obtained by putting her fear, threats or death, (iii) with her consent when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her concern is given because she believes that he is the man who to whom she is or believe herself to be lawfully married to, (iv) with or without her consent when she is under fourteen years of age. The main objective of this paper is to examine the following. Why do men rape? How does rape harm victims psychologically? , What should I do if I have been raped? How can I protect myself from rape? What is the best way to prevent STD. Rape as felony, is among the most serious crime a person can commit, men as well as women and children can be raped. This paper will seek an answer to the above questions and provide some recommendations which will be of great importance to social agencies, survivors, parents and security agencies.

Building trust in modern day policing: A neighbourhood community officer evaluation

Over the past several years the Toronto Police Service has engaged in forming partnerships with communities that have been plagued with high crime rates and have traditionally not trusted the police through the implementation of The Neighbourhood Community Officer Program. The program places Neighbourhood Community Officers in the community for three to five years with a strict mandate to build trust through professionalism, cooperation, and partnerships with community members. Prior research on the program displayed that it was achieving most of its mandate. To determine whether it was still enjoying success, a thematic analysis was conducted on interviews with social agencies that worked with Neighbourhood Community Officers and social agencies that did not.

Social entrepreneurship in Saint-Petersburg as green economy aspect

Identification of the prospects for the social entrepreneurship expansion as one of the aspects of green economy uses the example of St. Petersburg. We use a statistical method for processing nominal data with the aid of SPSS. The study revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and government social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness of not-for-profit organizations, these organizations should provide services at a high client-oriented level. We found that because of the lack of permanent sources of funding, the problem of fundraising exists. The results of the current study are applicable for improvement of commercial and social practices of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations, in the expansion of services for the additional professional education of such organizations’ personnel, in the development of practices in fundraising and crowdsourcing, in improving applications for grant support from the state, in the diversification of services. We revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and state social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services; we found that the problem of fundraising becomes a priority for this organizations; personnel in these organizations has different education; the representatives of not- for-profit organizations understand the purposes of social entrepreneurship.

НАСЛІДКИ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19 ДЛЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ РОБОТИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for social work in Ukraine. It is emphasized that social work as a professional activity was formed in the period of industrialism in response to the "obvious" risks of society. In modern conditions, social work is under the influence of the pandemic COVID-19, which is the most influential global "implicit" risk, which significantly transforms this area of professional activity. It is noted that the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic can be analyzed separately for social work clients, social workers, social agencies and the social work institute as a whole. The authors study the consequences of the COVID- 19 pandemic for state social agencies, their social workers and clients in Ukraine. The provisions of the theory of immune behavior is used and it is concluded that the pandemic is an important factor in forming of protective models of "immune behavior" for social work clients and social workers and can lead to significant transformation of the institute of social work in Ukrainian society.

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY ON THE EXAMPLE OF SAINT-PETERSBURG

Purpose of the study: Identification of the prospects for the social entrepreneurship expansion in the sphere of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations using the example of St. Petersburg. The object of study: social-oriented not-for-profit organizations. The subject of research: social entrepreneurship in the field of social not-for-profit organizations. The scientists and practitioner can use these findings for the development of this activity type. Methodology: The research methods used in this study are survey, qualitative analysis of documents and ground theory. We use the author’s questionnaire. It presented in the Appendix to this article. We use a statistical method for processing nominal data with the aid of SPSS. Main Findings: The study revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and government social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness of not-for-profit organizations, these organizations should provide services at a high client-oriented level. We found that because of the lack of permanent sources of funding, the problem of fundraising exists. Applications of this study: The results of the current study are applicable for improvement of commercial and social practices of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations, in the expansion of services for the additional professional education of such organizations’ personnel, in the development of practices in fundraising and crowdsourcing, in improving applications for grant support from the state, in the diversification of services. Novelty/Originality of this study: We revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and state social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services; we found that the problem of fundraising becomes a priority for this organizations; personnel in these organizations has different education; the representatives of not-for-profit organizations understand the purposes of social entrepreneurship.

Cigarette fatwas, contestation of religious authority and politics in Indonesia

The issuance of non-binding advisory opinions (fatwa) is always followed by the presence of new issues related to the implementation of the fatwa. Similarly, the smoking ruling was issued by the Council of Indonesian Scholars (MUI) at the Conference in Padang Panjang in 2009. More than a decade this subject is still debatable. Although the fatwa in Indonesia does not have the power of binding, for Muslims, the idea of religious morality remains a consideration in daily life. Through a literature study, this study will reveal how the problematic relations between various social agencies regarding the issuance of the cigarette fatwa. Discourse debates in the study of fiqh will begin the explanation of this study, followed by development policies in Indonesia related to the problem of cigarettes, and ended with the position of the ulema as the holder of religious authority in the matter of smoking. This study illustrates that the practice of fatwas will be effective when ulama as religious authority holders, with their "capital", can negotiate and contest with various social agents in the cigarette fatwa arena.

Wave Theory ~ Social Theory

This article offers a history of the wave metaphor in social theory, examining how waves became rhetorical forms through which to think about the shape of social change. The wave analytic—“waves of democratization,” “waves of immigration,” “waves of resistance”—wavers between high theory and popular model, between objectivist sociological explanation and hand-waving sociobabble, between vanguardist predictions of social revolution and conservative prognoses of political inevitability, between accountings of formal change and claims about material transubstantiation. The article examines usages in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, arguing that techniques of inscription—graphical, numerical, diagrammatic—have produced formal claims about rising and falling tendencies in the social body. It argues, too, that in such deployments, waves are either (1) overpowering forces of social structuration or (2) signs of the animating effects of world-transforming collective social agencies. The “wave” thus generates questions—and uncertainties—about the relation of structure to agency.