Models of Research and Development Financing in the European Union: A Cluster Analysis

The paper aims to identify the different models of financing the expenditure on research and development in the European Union and define their characteristics through the application of the method of cluster analysis. The study shows the existence of four models within the EU, which are characterised by different ratios of R&D funding sources and have a specific geographical profile. Despite the differences, the private or public sector is defined as the funding source with the largest relative share in all models. The analysis shows that the model with the highest share of private sector funding provides the highest R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP.

Relative share, frequency and correlation of restorations in both dental dentitions in childhood

This research aimed to analyze of the relative share, frequency and correlation of restorations in both dental dentitions in childhood. The decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index is one of the most commonly used indices in epidemiologic surveys of dental caries. It quantifies dental health status based on the number of carious, missing and filled teeth. A total of 602 schoolchildren in Varna, aged 3-18 years were selected for this study. The children have a determined high caries risk DMFT index >1. The patients are divided into 16 groups according to age limit. The research takes place in the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Varna, in the time period 2016-2018. This study is retrospective, based on medical data of the participants. Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression were used to estimate the correlation between restorations, DMF (T+t) and age. The average value of determining the level of caries of the examined groups of children is DMF (T+t) =5.46±3.95 (range 0-20). With the correlation analysis we proved a direct dependence of the ratio. The number of preventive fillings with photopolymers and composites increased with increasing age of the studied children (r=0.725; p<0.001). Their high distribution among the studied patients was established by determining the average frequency of carious lesions. The correlation analysis determined that with increasing age of the patients the number and frequency of composite restorations and sealants in the control groups increased.

Zentrum und Peripherie in der deutschen Syntax.

The present paper is the first part of a larger essay which, due to space constraints, will be published in two separate parts. Using evidence of two small corpora, I develop a centre-periphery model inspired by the prototype theory and apply it to the syntax of German. In doing so I proceed in two steps. In the first part, published here, the graded four-level model of linguistic variation presented below (with the categories “prototype”, “variants”, “competitive forms” and “free stylistic variation”) is tested and refined on two already well-researched grammartical phenomena, namely conditionality and passive structures. In the second part (to be published in the next issue of Linguistik online) I apply the model to the more complex subject of sentence types in German, in particular the so-called minor sentence types. A complete description of a language should not only list the grammatical categories, but also contain quantitative information, on both the frequency of occurrence of a particular category and on the position and relative share of this category in the field of its competing means of linguistic expression. A grammar of contemporary German, which not only records the structures, but shows the “structures in use” in different domains and text types, still remains a desideratum.

Operational characteristics of direct sowing machine-tractor unit

A study on some operational characteristics of a direct sowing machine-tractor unit has been carried out in wheat sowing. It is performed by Horsch Avatar 6.16 SD direct seeder aggregated to John Deere 7250 R tractor. It was found that 91% of the area is sown at sowing rate of 195 kg seed/ha. The remaining 9% are sown either at lower or higher rate. Engine rotations of the seed unit have been established at work mode, i.e. when the seeder is sowing, these are 1594.81 min-1, in idle state the rotations are 912.08 min-1, and in transportation mode are 1860.36 min-1. The relative share of engine use has also been determined: when the seeder is sowing, it is 56.68%, when the seeder unit is in idle mode, it is 14.54% and when the unit is in transportation mode – 28.78%, respectively. The actual operation speed of the seeder unit when sowing wheat was 10.40 km/h and the real hourly productivity – 3.7 ha/h.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS OF FULL-TIME AND EXTRAMURAL FORMS OF STUDIES, TRAINEES FOR CHILDREN AND ELEMENTARY TEACHERS AT TRAKIA UNIVERSITY, STARA ZAGORA

Introduction: The survey carried out covered all students from the second course, specialty "Preschool and Primary School Pedagogy" at the Pedagogical Faculty of Trakia University, Stara Zagora, in full-time and extramural forms of studies. Purpose of the study: A comparative analysis of academic achievements in the subject "Sport animation in educational environment" of students of full-time and extramural forms of studying for kindergarten and elementary teachers at Thracian University, Stara Zagora. Methods: A comparative characteristic by age of the method "stem-leaf" with the purpose of reconnaissance (research) analysis of the data was performed. The statistical indicators coefficient of variation, asymmetry, excesses were used. A comparative analysis of the academic achievements of 127 students for the degree of competence after completion of the training course "Sports animation in educational environment" was carried out. The structural differences (relative share, absolute sum, integral coefficient of structural divergence, Spearman and Kendal rank correlation coefficients) between the results of the conducted knowledge verification didactic test and the pedagogical monitoring of the degree of mastered skills and demonstrated relationship at the end of the training were analyzed. Findings and results: The survey outlined the following summaries: as a whole, the structural differences between the two forms of studies in relation to the acquired knowledge are not great, but the students of full-time form of studies give in the vast majority of cases more correct answers; The "fully mastered skill" assessment is most often greater with students of full-time form of studies compared to extramural form of studies, On skills and relationships that require greater life experience and discipline, the relative share of this assessment is, in more rare cases, greater for the extramural form of studies.