scholarly journals Models of Research and Development Financing in the European Union: A Cluster Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Relative Share ◽  
The Eu

The paper aims to identify the different models of financing the expenditure on research and development in the European Union and define their characteristics through the application of the method of cluster analysis. The study shows the existence of four models within the EU, which are characterised by different ratios of R&D funding sources and have a specific geographical profile. Despite the differences, the private or public sector is defined as the funding source with the largest relative share in all models. The analysis shows that the model with the highest share of private sector funding provides the highest R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP.

Public Procurement Regulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H Bovis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

In the European Union, public procurement refers to all contractual relations for supplies, works, and services between public-sector authorities of Member States as well as entities operating as utilities in Member States and the private sector. Public procurement by EU Member States accounts for €1 trillion, representing 20 per cent of the EU gross domestic product (GDP).

scholarly journals Exploring cross-border cooperation in Eastern Europe: What kind of initiatives have developed in the Romanian-Hungarian border area?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Elena Grad-Rusu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

Since the beginning, the European Union has believed and promoted the idea that an increase in cross-border cooperation contributes to enhanced European integration. This means that cross-border cooperation supports sustainable development along the EU’s internal and external borders, helps reduce differences in living standards and addresses common challenges across these borders. The aim of this paper is to examine the cross-border initiatives between Romania and Hungary with a special focus on the INTERREG projects, which have provided new sources of funding for cross-border activities and regional development in the RomanianHungarian border area. In this context, the cooperation has intensified in the last two decades, especially since Romania joined the EU in 2007. The research proves that cross-border projects and initiatives represent an important source of funding for this type of intervention, when no similar funding sources are available.

Assessing the Evaluation of the EC Data Retention Directive

2012 ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nóra Ní Loideain
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Member State ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Data Retention ◽  
Serious Crime ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The focus of this chapter is the first evaluation of European legislation designed to harmonise domestic laws on the retention of telecommunications data for the purpose of assisting law enforcement efforts. The European Union introduced the EC Data Retention Directive in 2006. This Directive requires the retention of every European citizen’s communications data for up to two years for the purpose of investigation, detection, and prosecution of serious crime, as defined by each Member State in their domestic legislation. The Directive was the source of considerable unease amongst legislators, Data Protection authorities, and the private sector. This chapter analyses the results provided in this evaluation on the use and operation of the Directive by individual Member States of the EU.

scholarly journals Farewell to flexicurity? Austerity and labour policies in the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hastings ◽  
Jason Heyes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comparative Institutional Analysis ◽  
The Eu

For the past decade the European Commission has urged EU member states to pursue ‘flexicurity’ policies aimed at achieving employment growth and social inclusion. However, the economic crisis and turn to austerity across the EU has presented the flexicurity model with a substantial challenge. This article argues that since 2008 labour policies across the EU have exhibited shared tendencies, but support for measures that might contribute to the achievement of the security aspects of flexicurity has been substantially weakened. In developing this argument, the article presents findings from a cluster analysis and detailed investigations of labour policies in EU member countries. The article also discusses the implications of the findings for comparative institutional analysis. It highlights differences in the approaches of countries that are commonly treated as members of the same institutional family, as well as similarities in the policies adopted by countries commonly associated with different ‘varieties’ of capitalism.

scholarly journals Productivity and Economic Growth in the European Union: Impact of Investment in Research and Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreja Nekrep ◽  
Sebastjan Strašek ◽  
Darja Boršič
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Maximum Productivity ◽  
Union Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This paper focuses on investment in research and development as a factor of labour productivity and economic growth. Our analysis confirms the link between expenditure for research and development (expressed in % of GDP) and labour productivity (expressed in the number of hours worked) based on selected data for EU Member States in the period 1995-2013. A causal link between variables of the concave parabola was confirmed, and the value of expenditure for research and development (2.85% of EU GDP) maximising productivity (per hour of work) was determined based on the examined data. In accordance with these findings, EU’s target of reaching 3% of GDP spent on research and development to be achieved by 2020 seems in support of reaching maximum productivity in the EU.

Selected aspects of innovation of companies functioning in the countries of the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Dr inż. Jerzy Baruk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Innovation Processes ◽  
Varied Level ◽  
The Eu

In the publication, the Author discusses two issues: the essence of innovations and their role in the development of enterprises and the increase of their competitiveness together with empirical aspects of the level of innovation described by three measures – universali-ty of introducing innovations, the influence of introduced innovations on turnover of en-terprises, universality of conducting research and development, treated as a source of knowledge in innovation processes. The results of the study indicate a relatively low and varied level of these measures in the enterprises from the EU Member States.

scholarly journals POVERTY AS A HETEROGENEITY FACTOR IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Vesna Janković-Milić ◽  
Vinko Lepojević ◽  
Jelena Stanković
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Eu

Measuring poverty is of utmost importance for any economy in order to look at the extent and causes of the vulnerability of the population, but also to formulate social and economic policy measures and measure their effects. The multidimensionality of poverty makes it difficult to quantify and measure it. The subject of research is the components of the AROPE (At risk of poverty and social exclusion) indicator in the countries of the European Union (EU). Using the cluster analysis, the EU countries were grouped into homogeneous units, after which the significance of the difference in the average values of the analyzed indicators was tested. Based on the obtained results, the hypothesis of pronounced heterogeneity of EU countries from the aspect of poverty was confirmed.

Grant Funding for Research and Development Characteristics through the Analysis of Law Enforcement Practice of the EU Court

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Slepak ◽  
N. A. Pozhilova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Grant Funding ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Court Practice

Evaluation of the effectiveness of legal regulation is impossible without considering the existing law enforcement, especially court, practice. The EU Court is a landmark institution of the European Union in the field of interpretation of rules of law. Therefore, the presence of a certain number of precedents in its practice, some of which may be the cornerstones not only in this field, but also in others, is of serious scientific and practical interest.The analysis of the facts of real court cases, as well as questions of the interpretation of rules of law, allow us to consider a whole stratum of seemingly completely non-obvious problems (including legal gaps) with a view to eliminating them.

Features of Materials Engineering R&D and Education in Finland after Joining the EU

2007 ◽  
Vol 537-538 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
H. Kleemola
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
The Eu

The influences of the membership of Finland in the European Union on the structures and development of the materials research and development, and education are discussed. It will be shown that during the membership the infrastructure and working culture have changed thoroughly.

The innovativeness of enterprises in the EU countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Jerzy Baruk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
High Share ◽  
The Eu

This article discusses innovativeness of enterprises functioning in the European Union based on the following measures: popularity of introducing innovation; the effects of introduced innovations; the commonness of conducting research and development activities; public support for introducing innovations. In this publication the statistical-comparative analysis of the results of empirical researches conducted by TNS Political&Social is made. This analysis showed that the following countries: Croatia, Malta, Portugal, United Kingdom and Italy were characterized by a relatively high share of companies implementing the various types of innovations. The opposite were: Estonia, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Sweden and Hungary. The turnover achieved from implemented innovations were at the level of 1% to 25%. Finland, the Netherlands and Denmark distinguished in commonness of R&D realizing.

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