EFFECTS OF COLLAPSING CAVITATION ON HIFU-EXPOSED BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS

Therapeutic significance in the studies of HIFU-induced effects of is attached to the local heating of tissues, but the role of the mechanical component caused by non-stationary cavitation is practically not taken into account. Calculations show that the temperature inside cavitation bubbles can differ significantly from the temperature in the thermal ablation zone, and the developing temperature gradient can change the formation of the thermal field. Collapsing bubbles can cause mechanical destruction of tissues.

Pengadukan Pupuk Cair Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler pada Sistem Fertigasi Pintar

ABSTRAKPengadukan pupuk cair secara manual memiliki kekurangan, yaitu rendahnya akurasi campuran hanya sekitar 50% sehinggga dibutuhkannya pengadukan pupuk otomatis untuk meningkatkan akurasi campuran pupuk dan air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan perancangan, pembuatan, serta analisis sistem pengadukan pupuk otomatis berbasis mikrokontroler. Bagian dari sistem pengaduk pupuk dibagi menjadi dua bagian utama. Bagian pertama adalah komponen mekanik yang terdiri dari tangki air, tangki pupuk cair, dan motor pengaduk. Sedangkan bagian kedua adalah sistem kendali berupa mikrokontroler arduino untuk mengatur volume air, volume pupuk cair, dan lama pengadukan. Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan bahwa keberhasilan pencampuran pupuk cair EM4 adalah sebesar 99,561%, sedangkan untuk pupuk hijau sebesar 98,551%. Sebagai kesimpulan, sistem fertigasi pintar yang dibangun dapat beroperasi dengan baik dan akurasi diatas 90%.Kata kunci: Sistem Fertigasi, Arduino, Pengadukan, Pupuk cair, Air ABSTRACTManual mixing of liquid fertilizers has drawbacks, namely the low accuracy of the mixture, only about 50%, so that automatic fertilizer mixing is needed to increase the accuracy of the fertilizer and water mixture. The purpose of this study was to design, manufacture, and analyze a microcontroller-based automatic fertilizer mixing system. The part of the fertilizer mixing system is divided into two main parts. The first part is a mechanical component consisting of a water tank, a liquid fertilizer tank, and a stirrer motor. While the second part is a control system in the form of an Arduino microcontroller to regulate the volume of water, the volume of liquid fertilizer, and the stirring time. From the test results, it was found that the success of mixing EM4 liquid fertilizer was 99.561%, while for green manure it was 98.551%. In conclusion, the smart fertigation system built can operate well and the accuracy is above 90%.Keywords: Fertigation System, Arduino, Stirring, Liquid Fertilizer, Water

Self-repairing mechanical components using artificial Intelligence

In this paper, we study the applicability of artificial intelligence for designing mechanical components that can repair themselves. We use the Cellular Automata (CA) model implemented as a Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to simulate the automatic growth and repair of a mechanical component from a small seed. Concretely, we start with an empty 2D grid of cells. Using the CNN, the cells will learn to self-organize into the image of a mechanical component. We simulate the damage to the component by deleting some parts of the imagine and show how they are automatically regenerated.

Prosthetics for Lower Limb Amputation

The Chapter will include a brief note on Amputation, Particularly Lower Limb Amputation (LLA), Levels and Causes of LLA. Importance of Prosthetics for LLA are explained in detail. The types of Prosthesis, Application (Donning & Doffing) of prosthesis are included in this chapter. Diagrammatic representation of the prosthesis are added too. Bio mechanical component is explained in detail within this chapter. The advantages and disadvantages of each and every Lower limb Prosthesis are clearly mentioned. Moreover, the Gait analysis & Training after the application of prosthesis are discussed. The reader will get a complete picture of Prosthetics for Lower limb Amputation by going through this chapter for lower limb prosthesis.

Mechanical Component’s Dimension Design With Required Reliability by the Monte Carlo Method

Since the main design parameters in a mechanical component design have some uncertainties and should be treated as random variables, the reliability of a component is a better measurement of the safe status of a component. A component will not be reliable unless it is designed with specified reliability. Therefore, the mechanical component design should be a dimension design with the required reliability. The fundamental concept of the Monte Carlo method is to plug-in randomly generated numerical values into the governing equation of a design problem to get a trial result. The Monte Carlo method has become so powerful numerical simulation approach in almost every field such as optimization, numerical integration, and reliability calculation. But for reliability engineering, most of the literature shows how to use the Monte Carlo method to calculate the reliability of a component. This paper will propose the modified Monte Carlo method to determine a component dimension with required reliability. This paper first discusses and establishes typical limit state functions of a component under static loads. These limit state functions cover two failure modes including the failure mode due to strength and the failure mode due to excessive deformation. Then, the procedure and the flowchart of the modified Monte Carlo method will be explained in detail. The provided procedure and the flowchart are easy to be followed for compiling a MATLAB program to conduct a dimension design with required reliability. Two examples will show how to implement the proposed new method for conducting a dimension design with required reliability.