Peran Hospitalitas Kristen terhadap anak Yatim Piatu

They show what life is like for a child who has no parents or family. Where the child is the most important part of the family as its heir. But there was also a child who had neither a mother nor a father. In this case it is commonly called an orphan which means to have no parents. Being a fatherless is not an acceptable choice, for thus orphans will surely feel a agony in which they live a life of deprivation either in the sense of lack of affection or in material form. They will also be humiliated, exiled, even if they lose hope of living their lives. This will create problems in orphans, but it will not become a bad thing, because of problems of one kind or another, children will learn to mature and will develop well with mature self-concept. Orphans are better when they're in an orphanage. An orphanage is a preferred place or container to foster children. Therefore, orphanages have responsibilities in the role of surrogate parents for orphans. It would also explain how orphans play the role of inequality.

Chapter 3

Covering the years 1918 to 1922, and taking Archie from 14 to 18 years old, this chapter explores the reasons Archie ran away from home and joined the Pender Troupe of acrobats at age 14. It explains the nature of the troupe’s act and Archie’s training as a stilt-walker and gymnast. It offers details about their tours of Britain, their home base in Brixton (south London), their move to New York to join the show Good Times (1920), and their subsequent tour of North America. It explores Archie’s relationship with Bob and Margaret Pender, who became surrogate parents to him, and also his burgeoning friendship with the American comedian Don Barclay.

Extending long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation algorithms to very large and heterogeneous datasets

BackgroundThis paper describes the latest improvements to the long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation algorithms that enable them to successfully phase both datasets with one million individuals and datasets genotyped using different sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Previous publicly available implementations of long-range phasing could not phase large datasets due to the computational cost of defining surrogate parents by exhaustive all-against-all searches. Further, both long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation were not designed to deal with large amounts of missing data, which is inherent when using multiple SNP arrays.MethodsHere, we developed methods which avoid the need for all-against-all searches by performing long-range phasing on subsets of individuals and then combing results. We also extended long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation algorithms to enable them to use different sets of markers, including missing values, when determining surrogate parents and identifying haplotypes. We implemented and tested these extensions in an updated version of our phasing software AlphaPhase.ResultsA simulated dataset with one million individuals genotyped with the same set of 6,711 SNP for a single chromosome took two days to phase. A larger dataset with one million individuals genotyped with 49,579 SNP for a single chromosome took 14 days to phase. The percentage of correctly phased alleles at heterozygous loci was respectively 90.5% and 90.0% for the two datasets, which is comparable to the accuracy achieved with previous versions of AlphaPhase on smaller datasets.The phasing accuracy for datasets with different sets of markers was generally lower than that for datasets with one set of markers. For a simulated dataset with three sets of markers 2.8% of alleles at heterozygous positions were phased incorrectly whereas the equivalent figure with one set of markers was 0.6%.ConclusionsThe improved long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation algorithms enable AlphaPhase to quickly and accurately phase very large and heterogeneous datasets. This will enable more powerful breeding and genetics research and application.

Cohering contradictions and manufacturing belief in Dreamfields’ ‘good empire’

This chapter shows how Dreamfields’ rigid discipline is made palatable and even welcomed by promoting a belief in the institution, its methods and its benefits to individual, aspirational futures. Repetition and morality tales are used to smooth over the various contradictions and ambiguities inherent in Dreamfields’ approach. Principal Culford assumes the combined role of saviour, hero, military commander and business executive in this rigidly hierarchical operation, leading a redemptive troupe of teachers-as-surrogate parents who assiduously labour to redeem a twenty-first century 'urban residuum'. Crafting 'appropriate' aesthetic appearances and reiterating Dreamfields’ superior position in the education market are also facets of this indoctrination process, offering powerful proof of institutional validity and providing a sweetener allowing the often unpleasant, tiring medicine of discipline to go down smoothly.

"Teenagers” Self Concept in Terms Of Gender, Cultural Background and Status at The Orphanage of Padang City "Teenagers” Self Concept in Terms of Gender, Cultural Background and Status at The Orphanage of Padang City

Self-concept of someone is heavily influenced by various factors, which include gender, cultural background and status. Related to guidance and counseling services in improving teenagers’ self-concept who live in an orphanage, is necessary to obtain a clear description about self- concept with a variety of factors that can affect it. This research uses a quantitative approach to type descriptive comparative. The research methods applied in the study was ex post facto with a sampling of data retrieval, research design using factorial design 2 x 4 x 2. Teenager’s self-concept of men and women are in middle category, average value of boys’ score are higher than girls, it means that boys have more positive view of themselves than girls. 2) Teenager’s self-concept in orphanages based on the cultural background of the Minangkabau, Mentawai, Java, and Batak are in middle category, there were no differences in teenager’ self-concept based on the cultural background of the Minangkabau, Mentawai, Java, and Batak who lives in an orphanage. 3) Teenager’s self-concept with orphan status and surrogate parents are in middle category, average value scores of teenager orphan status is higher than teenagers with the status of surrogate parents, it means that teenagers with orphan status have positive view of himself rather than teenagers with surrogate parent status. 4) Teenager’s self-concept in terms of gender, cultural background, and status are in middle category, and there are interactions between gender variable, cultural background and status in explaining teenager’s self-concept. The implications of these results for the counselor are for a material consideration in the preparation of counseling service programs in improving teenager’s self-concept in an orphanage.