Balancing rangatiratanga and kawanatanga: Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown

<p>Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s negotiations with the Crown produced the first two major iwi-based agreements of the modern era of Treaty settlements in New Zealand/Aotearoa. While the existing historiography has previously addressed the general parameters of each agreement, and some key players have briefly written about their involvement in the process, an analysis of both negotiations through the lens of the iwi (tribe) pursuit of rangatiratanga (or self-determination) and the Crown’s defence of its sovereignty and kawanatanga (or governance) increases our understanding of these precedent-setting Treaty settlements. Māori rangatiratanga and Crown sovereignty and governance were not the only factors that drove all parties in their negotiations, but they represented the dominant motivating force in terms of reaching agreements on very difficult issues. Through an investigation of Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Crown and public sources, this thesis identifies the balancing of iwi rangatiratanga and the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga in four major areas of the process: the development of iwi governance systems post-settlement, the negotiation of the financial aspects of the settlement, the parameters surrounding the return of land, and the formulation of the historical accounts and Crown apologies. The political structures set by the Crown to govern the process influenced all aspects of the negotiation. Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu argued that a larger quantum would be necessary to achieve the finality and general financial certainty sought by the Crown, but were challenged most prominently by Treasury. Nonetheless both iwi were able to obtain significant concessions. The subsequent limit set on the total financial scope of each settlement also influenced the amount of land that was returned. In addition the Crown’s overall control of the process influenced the type of Crown lands that would be returned, and in Waikato-Tainui’s case, the legal form in which land was returned. The negotiations regarding the historical accounts and apologies that accompanied each settlement similarly were influenced by the limitations imposed by the Crown, in contrast to the specific details sought by Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui. The Crown was able to strengthen its governance by achieving settlements with Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu. Both iwi also were able to enhance their own rangatiratanga by settling their claims, enhancing their political power and influence regionally and nationally. Ultimately Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlements simultaneously reinforced the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga and energised Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui’s pursuit of rangatiratanga.</p>

Balancing rangatiratanga and kawanatanga: Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown

<p>Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s negotiations with the Crown produced the first two major iwi-based agreements of the modern era of Treaty settlements in New Zealand/Aotearoa. While the existing historiography has previously addressed the general parameters of each agreement, and some key players have briefly written about their involvement in the process, an analysis of both negotiations through the lens of the iwi (tribe) pursuit of rangatiratanga (or self-determination) and the Crown’s defence of its sovereignty and kawanatanga (or governance) increases our understanding of these precedent-setting Treaty settlements. Māori rangatiratanga and Crown sovereignty and governance were not the only factors that drove all parties in their negotiations, but they represented the dominant motivating force in terms of reaching agreements on very difficult issues. Through an investigation of Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Crown and public sources, this thesis identifies the balancing of iwi rangatiratanga and the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga in four major areas of the process: the development of iwi governance systems post-settlement, the negotiation of the financial aspects of the settlement, the parameters surrounding the return of land, and the formulation of the historical accounts and Crown apologies. The political structures set by the Crown to govern the process influenced all aspects of the negotiation. Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu argued that a larger quantum would be necessary to achieve the finality and general financial certainty sought by the Crown, but were challenged most prominently by Treasury. Nonetheless both iwi were able to obtain significant concessions. The subsequent limit set on the total financial scope of each settlement also influenced the amount of land that was returned. In addition the Crown’s overall control of the process influenced the type of Crown lands that would be returned, and in Waikato-Tainui’s case, the legal form in which land was returned. The negotiations regarding the historical accounts and apologies that accompanied each settlement similarly were influenced by the limitations imposed by the Crown, in contrast to the specific details sought by Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui. The Crown was able to strengthen its governance by achieving settlements with Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu. Both iwi also were able to enhance their own rangatiratanga by settling their claims, enhancing their political power and influence regionally and nationally. Ultimately Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlements simultaneously reinforced the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga and energised Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui’s pursuit of rangatiratanga.</p>

Spór o powołanie Kościoła narodowego w Koronie w okresie soboru trydenckiego (1545-1563)

Debate on the Creating of the Polish National Church in the Times of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) In the time of the Council of Trent, the Polish nobility often and loudly demanded the forming of the Polish National Church, which would enable them to execute state control over the clergy, its activity, and church property. Popular Protestant ideas coherent with such an idea fulfilled the role of useful weapon in their struggle against the clergy. Even though the idea of the church reform converged with many changes postulated by the contemporary noble reform movement, the state finances, homogeneity of Crown lands and the Polish-Lithuanian union took predominance over church matters. Appropriate conduct of debate, disabling discussion about a reform, was promoted by the clergy itself, which was not interested in loosening their dominant position in the society and becoming subject to civic laws. Protestant deputies to the parliament, who constituted the majority in the lower chamber, could have acquired more benefits, were it not for their reluctance to impose certain solutions on the Catholics, who still dominated in the society. The clergy, in particular bishops, sought some compromise with Protestants, until the Catholic Church itself undertook mild reforms in the third phase of the Council of Trent. The stand of the Polish monarch, Sigismundus Augustus, who – having been raised as a Catholic – opposed the forming of new church and his attitude was also important.

KITAKIWI MASINAHIKANAN (OUR MAP)

Members of Nibinamik First Nation, an Anishinaabe community in the Far North of Ontario, are in the process of updating their land use plan. As part of this land use planning project, Nibinamik seeks an accompanying and informing map of their traditional territory. Through a partnership between Nibinamik and Ryerson University, we explored the substantive and procedural values informing the mapping, and by extension the land use planning, project. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature on Indigenous counter-mapping and in reference to the guiding provincial policy framework. Importantly, Nibinamik seeks an alternate process to that imposed by the province, while simultaneously seeking recognition by the province. In this way, Nibinamik resists the province’s claims to exclusive power over crown lands, and asserts claims to shared power over traditional territory. Key words: counter-mapping; Indigenous Planning; northern Ontario

KITAKIWI MASINAHIKANAN (OUR MAP)

Members of Nibinamik First Nation, an Anishinaabe community in the Far North of Ontario, are in the process of updating their land use plan. As part of this land use planning project, Nibinamik seeks an accompanying and informing map of their traditional territory. Through a partnership between Nibinamik and Ryerson University, we explored the substantive and procedural values informing the mapping, and by extension the land use planning, project. The findings are discussed in relation to the literature on Indigenous counter-mapping and in reference to the guiding provincial policy framework. Importantly, Nibinamik seeks an alternate process to that imposed by the province, while simultaneously seeking recognition by the province. In this way, Nibinamik resists the province’s claims to exclusive power over crown lands, and asserts claims to shared power over traditional territory. Key words: counter-mapping; Indigenous Planning; northern Ontario

The Education System between Private Business and the State: The Antagonism and Synergies of Industrial and State Paternalism in the Vítkovice Company Town (1869–1914)

This article aims at analyzing, within the scope of industrial and state paternalism, the interdependent dynamics between employer (Witkowitzer Bergbau- und Eisenhüttengewerkschaft), employee, and the Austro-Hungarian state, taking as an example the development of the education system of the Vítkovice (Witkowitz) company town, located in Moravia, one of the crown lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. The opening point of our research is the year 1869, when the so-called Hasner school law was adopted. The closing point is February 1914, with its new intervention into educational policy in the crown land of Moravia.

Some Great Moments in the Practice of Forestry in Québec (1910–2020)

In 1910, the Forestry School at Laval University was founded at the instigation of the Government of Quebec so that research provides the knowledge needed to intelligently manage the Crown lands. The two and sole teachers at this school were Gustave-Clodomir Piché and Avila Bédard. These first two Quebec forest engineers would develop many forest programs and organizations in Quebec at a time when everything had to be built. It has therefore been a little over 110 years that we have been teaching and practising scientific forestry in Quebec. Scientific knowledge, cultural values, social context, various forest regimes not to mention the many forestry crises have contributed to the evolution of forestry practices.

Managing legal pluralism: the negotiations on the re-acquisition of crown land in the Livonian Diet (1681) as a matter of securitisation and imperial integration

The emergence of empires during the early modern period led to a shift of territorial borders and social as well as economic and political boundaries. This is also true for early modern Sweden and especially for Livonia, being one of the eastern border provinces of the Swedish empire. The plans for withdrawing alienated possessions of the Swedish Crown there, i.e. a reduktion, make this particularly clear. This article examines the discussion of the year 1681 between the Swedish Crown and the Livonian knighthood and nobility in the Livonian Diet on the retake of crown lands as an example of how early modern empires dealt with legal pluralism. Combining the concepts of securitisation and integration will show that these deliberations should be understood less as a struggle for or against re-acquisitions of crown lands than as negotiations about Swedish rule in Livonia, and its normative foundations and functions, and thus about the Swedish empire.

Nizhny Novgorod Crown Villages of the 16–17th Century

Studying the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages of the 16-17th century allows to get a more complete understanding of one of the main categories of land ownership in the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Age, of crown land ownership and economy, and on the economic situation and social status of the Russian agrarian social stratum usually denoted in historiography as “crown peasants”. A long, painstaking identification of sources, their priority over interpretations existing in the literature, a multilevel, systematic analysis of a complex of various historical documents, supplemented by retrospective mapping, led to a revision of some well-established and seemingly unshakable views on the history of the crown villages in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. The introduction of the ancient Nizhny Novgorod scribal books by M.A. Zhedrinsky and scribe Karp Ignatiev (1533) into the scientific circulation revealed some local features of the formation of the so-called crown volosts, which are considered by the author within the framework of the grand prince “service organization” concept. A certain conservation of the mechanisms inherent to the “service organization” in this territory, apparently, was due to its border position. The frontier largely determined the main tendencies and specifics of agrarian settlement on the grand prince / tsar (later — crown) lands of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region before its transformation into a “hinterland” region. The influence of the frontier should be studied in historical retrospective, since it was during the period under review that the border was significantly moved to the east. If earlier its proximity that was the main factor of agrarian settlement, now the soil-geographical and natural-climatic conditions, which differ in different parts of the Balakhninsky, Kurmyshsky and Nizhny Novgorod districts, came to the fore. A representative description of the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages required a comprehensive consideration of a number of interrelated problems of the crown land tenure and economy. The most significant are issues related to the nature of land ownership, changes in the composition of the fund of grand prince / tsar / crown lands and methods of their use, the structure and functioning of the crown economy, transformations in the management system of crown estates, forms of rent extraction, as well as the peculiarities of the relationship of the crown prikaz with various social groups living in the Nizhny Novgorod crown lands - peasants, bobs, “serving men”, “serving Mordovians”. The analysis of sources shows that the so-called crown economy in the 17th century ensured the satisfaction of the needs of not only (and not so much) the royal family, but the state and the ruling class as a whole, i.e. it was not exclusively domain. A deeper understanding of the social nature of the crown villages, the specifics of economic life and the peculiarities of the social organization of the crown peasants became an important result of the study. A mass peasant colonization of the region, which became relatively safe after the annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan, led to a gradual erasure of differences in status between, on the one hand, the lower stratum of the grand prince “service organization” (unprivileged “servants under the court”, beekeepers, salters and woodworkers), “service Mordovians” and peasants on quitrents, and on the other - peasants-farmers of the old grand-prince villages and the “newcomers” who moved there from the uezds of the Central and Northwestern Russia. Prerequisites were made for their convergence and amalgamation in the seventeenth century into a single category of the crown peasantry. An important consequence of peasant agricultural settlement was the expansion of the territory with a polyethnic population, for the most part composed of the Russians and the Mordovians-Erzya. The study of the various categories of the rural population, their living conditions and the specifics of their economy, made it possible to fill our understanding of the peasant life (and, more broadly, the rural mir) of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region of the 16-17th century with concrete content, historical everyday life. Contrary to the point of view expressed in historiography, pogosts as social and religious centers of crown volosts existed throughout the period under consideration both in the Trans-Volga region and on the right bank of the Oka and Volga. Sources related to the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region provide a unique opportunity to trace the processes of the formation of a obschina-volost here. In the 17th century, the rural “world” on the Uzola river is formed, as, probably, in other places of the Nizhny Novgorod frontier, from “service beekeepers” and migrant peasants, for a long time continuing to remain an open social structure, open to non-agricultural elements. Its gradual transformation into a peasant community-volost, homogeneous in its social composition, takes place in the second half of the 16th century. The territorial prevalence of obschina in the Nizhny Novgorod crown estates in the 16-17th century is certain. Peasant self-government, usually hardly perceptible in the sources of this period, is recorded in the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages at the level of both the volost and the rural obschina. In general, the genesis of the peasant obschina-volost in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was typologically close to that known from the sources on the Russian North and Siberia. The observations and conclusions of this study obviously outgrow the local level, organically fitting into the all-Russian context, opening up new opportunities for studying the history of an agrarian society which Russia was in the late Middle Ages and the early Modem Age.